2，4-表油菜素内酯对多菌灵处理下葡萄抗氧化代谢系统的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)2 a生葡萄盆栽苗为试材,研究喷施外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对多菌灵(CBD)处理下葡萄叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O■)含量、抗氧化物质(GSH和AsA)、抗氧化酶(CAT、POD、GR)活性的影响。试验设3个处理,即:CK(清水)、稀释800倍CBD、0.3 mg·L~(-1) EBR+稀释800倍CBD,结果表明:与对照相比,CBD处理使葡萄叶片H_2O_2、MDA和O■含量显著升高,平均比对照分别升高50.09%、35.58%、60.06%;葡萄叶片抗氧化物质GSH、AsA的含量与对照相比无显著差异;CBD处理使葡萄叶片抗氧化酶CAT、POD、GR的活性显著增强,平均比对照分别升高24.17%、63.51%、8.44%。与单独CBD处理相比,EBR+CBD处理使葡萄叶片H_2O_2、MDA、O■含量显著降低,平均比单独CBD处理分别降低18.49%、14.44%、17.55%;同时使葡萄叶片抗氧化物质GSH、AsA含量显著升高,平均比单独CBD处理分别升高5.46%、24.92%;EBR+CBD处理使葡萄叶片抗氧化酶CAT、GR的活性显著增强,平均比单独CBD处理分别高17.15%和5.33%,但对POD活性的作用效果不明显。因此,0.3 mg·L~(-1)外源EBR可能通过提高葡萄植株还原型抗氧化物质含量以及CAT、GR活性来降低植株内源活性氧、自由基水平,缓解农药对葡萄植株的伤害,可作为预处理试剂在生产中应用。     

硅对盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗生理效应的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞殊"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)1年生扦插苗为试材,采用营养液水培系统,研究了根施外源硅(K2SiO3·9H2O,Si)对盐(50 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下赤霞珠葡萄幼苗叶片生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:盐胁迫处理下,葡萄幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O2-')产生速率加快,过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对膜透性增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强;组织含水量降低;施用2.0mmol/L Si明显抑制了O2-、H2O2和MDA的积累,增加了组织含水量,并进一步提高了抗氧化酶SOD和POD的活性.说明外源Si可通过提高盐胁迫下葡萄幼苗体内的抗氧化酶活性,从而降低活性氧(ROS)水平,一定程度上减轻盐胁迫对植株所造成的细胞膜脂过氧化伤害,增强其耐盐性.     

干旱胁迫对赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

试验以3a生赤霞珠为材料,根据黎明前叶片的基础水势(Ψb),设置轻度干旱胁迫(T3)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T1)三个处理,以无胁迫为CK。研究了赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分及叶绿素荧光参数的变化规律。结果表明:干旱胁迫能导致赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分饱和亏缺、束缚水呈现依次上升趋势,而叶片相对含水量、总含水量、自由水及自由水/束缚水呈现不同程度下降趋势,且随胁迫程度的增大而显著增加。随着胁迫的进行,赤霞珠葡萄基础荧光(F_0)呈现先上升后下降趋势,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F_0)、最大量子产额(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP)显著降低,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著增加。表明干旱胁迫能引起赤霞珠葡萄叶片水分降低,光合电子传递链受阻,PSII反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,吸收的光能更多地用于保护性的热耗散途径,导致光化学量子产额下降,光合效率下降。     

水分胁迫对葡萄幼苗4种主要生理指标的影响

以欧亚种酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)和黑比诺(Pinot Noir)为试材,盆栽方法测定水分胁迫下葡萄幼苗游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白质及可溶性糖含量的变化.结果表明:在水分胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量增加,并且随着胁迫程度的增加呈明显上升趋势,在整个水分胁迫过程中,赤霞珠脯氨酸的含量相对于对照的增长幅度明显高于黑比诺,丙二醛的增长幅度低于黑比诺;水分胁迫使赤霞珠和黑比诺叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量降低.     

UV-B辐射增强下葡萄叶片光合特性与叶龄关系的研究

自然光照条件下,以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"(Cabernet Sauvignon)为材料,研究了UV-B辐射增强下葡萄叶片光合特性与叶龄的关系.结果表明:低辐射(T1)处理下,葡萄叶片的光合能力随着叶龄增加而显著增加,与对照(CK)相比达极显著水平;高辐射(T2)处理下,葡萄叶片的光合能力随着叶龄增加而降低,但与对照(CK)相比差异不显著.这说明葡萄对UV-B辐射增强有较强的适应性,适当增加UV-B辐射剂量对葡萄叶片Pn具有一定的促进作用.     

NaCl处理对胡杨生长及生理生态特征的影响

以胡杨(Populus euphratica)幼株为材料,采用盆栽试验研究不同NaCl浓度(0、50、100、200 mmol·L-1和400 mmol·L-1)处理对胡杨生长及叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、水势、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:在≥200 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下,胡杨株高较对照显著减少,在400 mmol·L-1NaCl处理下,基茎粗较对照显著减少,在NaCl浓度≥100 mmol·L-1时,冠幅面积和叶、枝干重较对照显著减少,根干重随NaCl浓度的增加呈显著线性减少趋势。在NaCl浓度≥200 mmol·L-1时,根冠比较对照显著减少。H2O2和MDA含量随NaCl处理浓度升高呈增加趋势。低浓度NaCl处理下(50 mmol·L-1),胡杨叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性较对照均有所提高,在NaCl浓度≥100 mmol·L-1时,SOD、POD和APX活性较对照降低。胡杨叶片水势随NaCl处理浓度升高而降低。在NaCl处理90 d后,胡杨叶片可溶性糖含量随NaCl浓度升高呈逐渐降低趋势。胡杨叶片脯氨酸含量随NaCl处理浓度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。     

干旱胁迫对酿酒葡萄赤霞珠光合特性的影响

应用温室盆栽试验方法,研究了两年生酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)受不同梯度干旱胁迫后,其形态指标、光合生理、光合色素含量等的变化.研究结果表明:①干旱胁迫可以显著降低赤霞珠葡萄的植株生物量,且胁迫程度越深,对植株生长影响越大;②随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均有显著降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈现先降低、但最终上升而累积的现象,葡萄光合作用能力随胁迫程度的加重而下降;③叶绿素含量随胁迫程度加深而降低,叶绿素a/b的值则较稳定.     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠生理特性的影响

以7～8叶龄的垂丝海棠实生苗为试验材料,研究外源喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。采用盆栽控水法,设置CK（正常水分）与干旱胁迫加6种浓度油菜素内酯处理,即T1(0 mg·L^-1)、T2(0.20 mg·L^-1)、T3(0.40 mg·L^-1)、T4(0.60 mg·L^-1)、T5(0.80 mg·L^-1)和T6(1.00 mg·L^-1),分别测定各处理下叶绿素含量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量,并进行相关性与主成分分析。随干旱胁迫时间的延长,垂丝海棠叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl a+b、Chl a/b、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均呈下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）呈上升趋势;脯氨酸（Pro）含量、超氧化物歧化酶...     

外源一氧化氮对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的影响

为探讨外源NO对Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢过程的影响,以银辉2号南瓜品种为材料,采用盆栽法研究了80μmol·L-1SNP对60 mmol·L-1Na_2CO_3胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、碳氮代谢相关酶活性及代谢产物量的变化规律。结果表明:Na_2CO_3胁迫12 d,南瓜幼苗地上和地下部分干重、相对生长量、根冠比、Rubisco羧化活力、光合色素含量和氮代谢相关酶活性均不同程度下降;Rubisco氧化活力、游离氨基酸总量和蛋白水解酶活性显著上升。80μmol·L-1SNP外源处理能明显缓解Na_2CO_3胁迫对南瓜幼苗生长及光合作用的抑制,增加了干物质的积累和光合色素的含量。与Na_2CO_3胁迫处理相比,干物质积累量、相对生长量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素(caro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、Rubisco羧化酶、淀粉酶(AMY)活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了26.72%、30.45%、17.69%、46.15%、46.43%、30.70%、38.75%、70.0%、65.37%;Rubisco加氧酶、蛋白水解酶活性和游离氨基酸总量分别降低了18.29%、31.76%、28.57%。外源NO通过促进淀粉酶和Rubisco羧化活性的提高和氧化活性的下降,维持了可溶性总糖含量的稳定;通过增强NR、GS和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性、抑制蛋白水解酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性,降低叶片中游离氨基酸含量,增加了蛋白质的积累。本研究结论:碱性盐胁迫下,80μmol·L-1的SNP通过增强南瓜幼苗的光合碳代谢,促进了酮酸转化为氨基酸。通过提高氮代谢相关酶NR、GS、GOGAT活性,促使碳流由光合碳代谢转向氮代谢,维持了盐害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜幼苗抵御Na_2CO_3胁迫的能力。     

外源Ca2＋和H2O2对NaCl 胁迫下枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中活性氧代谢的影响研究

以枸杞离体叶片为材料,研究NaCl胁迫下外源Ca2+和H2O2对枸杞离体叶片叶绿体中O2·产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下O2·产生速率呈上升趋势,丙二醛含量增大,保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较对照升高.在NaCl胁迫下,加入外源Ca2+和H2O2时丙二醛(MDA)含量和O2·产生速率较单纯NaCl胁迫下降低;保护酶APX、CAT、POD活性较单纯NaCl胁迫下升高.表明外源Ca2+和H2O2在一定程度上可以缓解NaCl胁迫对植物体造成的伤害.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.