灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。     

局部控制地下浸润灌溉对叶用莴苣生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过两年的盆栽试验,对比研究了局部控制地下浸润灌溉和地表滴灌对作物根区土壤水分动态及叶用莴苣的光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,局部控制地下浸润灌溉的蒸发量明显小于地表滴灌处理,莴苣产量高于地表滴灌处理;水分利用效率是局部控制地下浸润灌溉处理最高,达到了42.42 kg/m3,地表滴灌仅为15.14 kg/m3;各处理光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,且呈处理1>处理2>处理3>处理4的趋势;局部控制地下浸润灌溉处理的根冠比较高,最大值达0.187,而地表滴灌处理的根冠比仅为0.071;局部控制地下浸润灌溉中莴苣的Vc含量达到了14.62 mg/100g,而地表滴灌处理仅为12.82mg/100g。说明局部控制地下浸润灌溉能有效改善莴苣的光合产物分配,调整根冠比关系,提高莴苣的水分利用效率,使作物产量与品质得到统一。     

Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation for Potato Production Under Different Dry Stress Conditions

Efficient water delivery systems such as drip irrigation can contribute towards increasing crop yield potential, improving crop water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, critical management considerations such as subsurface drip irrigation are necessary to attain improved irrigation efficiencies and production benefits particularly under arid regions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of two irrigation methods, surface and subsurface drip irrigation combined with four irrigation levels, 100, 80, 60 and 40% of crop evapotranspiration on yield and yield components of potato grown on sandy soil. The field experiments were conducted in the years 2008 and 2009. In terms of soil water availability to plants, subsurface drip provided more favorable growth conditions for plant growth and maintained higher soil water content at the root zone, which resulted in a significant higher potato yield compared to surface drip irrigation. The difference between the two irrigation methods on yield components was concentrated on the mean tuber weight per plant, while no significant difference was found on the tuber number per plant. Reducing the amounts of applied water significantly decreased total potato yield and its components. Under subsurface drip irrigation, reducing amounts of applied water to 80% ETc gave comparable yield and yield components to surface drip at full irrigation supply, indicating that 20% irrigation water can be saved without affecting the potato yield. At all irrigation levels, subsurface drip recorded higher water use efficiency (WUE) over surface drip. Maximum value was observed at 40% ETc. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was also higher under subsurface drip and reduced significantly under both irrigation methods with increasing water deficit. These results suggested that subsurface drip offers the potential of better water management with respect to saving and distribution of water in the root zone and to obtain maximum yield accompanied by highest water and FUE.     

极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响

灌溉方式对根系湿润方式的不同会影响作物生长及其对水分的利用效率。以常规滴灌方式为对照,通过田间试验研究了垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长和水分利用效率的影响,结果表明:葡萄生育关键期灌水前后垂直线源灌方式根层土壤平均含水率可达到田间持水率的75.1%和82.8%,常规滴灌方式为田间持水率的60%和72%;垂直线源灌条件下净光合速率,蒸腾速率,气孔导度均较常规滴灌高,净光合速率均经历了气孔限制和非气孔限制,其中由水分胁迫引起的非气孔限制,垂直线源灌晚于常规滴灌出现,且表现不明显;垂直线源灌方式在地上生物量生长方面略好于常规滴灌方式,但两者未表现出明显差异;垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式在产量上提高了1.2%;叶片水平上的水分利用效率,垂直线源灌方式较常规滴灌方式提高了57.4%。     

宁南山区膜下滴灌对马铃薯土壤酶活性、土壤养分及产量的影响

在宁南山区海原县关庄乡高台村试验田,采用膜下滴灌节水技术,研究了覆膜不滴灌、滴灌不覆膜、膜下滴灌和不滴灌不覆膜(CK)4种方式下马铃薯生育期的土壤养分、酶活性以及马铃薯产量的差异。结果表明:在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层中,膜下滴灌种植条件下,与CK相比较,有机质含量分别提高了3.88%、18.23%,碱解氮提高了10.71%、18.75%,速效钾提高了5.92%、2.55%,生育期内土壤脲酶活性提高了27.05%～69.37%、0.17%～38.33%,碱性磷酸酶活性提高了12.70%～23.90%、 6.99%～28.93%,转化酶活性提高了5.65%～68.12%、8.41%～31.63%,纤维素酶活性提高了8.33%～32.94%、19.98%～108.82%,产量提高了107.90%;土壤养分与酶活性及马铃薯产量间存在显著正相关。研究得出,膜下滴灌可以改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤酶活性,改善土壤养分循环能力,增加产量,是干旱半干区马铃薯旱作节水栽培的有效措施之一。     

分蘖期干旱胁迫对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

采用测坑试验方式,设置3个水分梯度(相对田间持水量80%～85%、70%～75%、60%～65%),以相对田间持水量为90%～100%为对照,通过对滴灌水稻分蘖期进行干旱胁迫,测定不同处理叶绿素含量、光合特性、叶面积指数、分蘖动态、干物质积累量和产量等指标,分析不同干旱胁迫处理对滴灌水稻光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:轻度和中度胁迫下水稻拔节期叶片总叶绿素含量分别较CK提高4.66%、17.62%,拔节期净光合速率分别较CK提高5.73%、10.98%,生育后期叶面积指数较CK分别提高21.41%、26.49%;轻度和中度干旱胁迫减少了拔节前干物质积累,提高了拔节后干物质积累量,优化干物质积累动态;轻度和中度干旱胁迫有利于控制水稻的分蘖数量,显著提高有效穗数,与CK相比提高了8.05%、23.29%;轻度和中度胁迫下水稻穗粒数和千粒重显著降低,各处理间结实率无显著差异,成穗率显著高于CK,与CK相比3种胁迫下成穗率分别提高了22.83%、32.50%、13.20%;轻度和中度胁迫下产量与CK相比分别增加2.73%、6.08%。滴灌水稻分蘖期水分调控时应考虑利用干旱胁迫的补偿效应,于分蘖期采用轻中度控水措施,有利于滴灌水稻光合作用和产量的提高。     

Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands

With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO₃ ^?-N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.62 t ha^?1) than with furrow irrigation, (47.37 t ha^?1). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.87 t ha^?1) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO₃ ^?-N and K to deeper soil layers.     

甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌条件下春玉米田水盐特征分析

通过对甘肃河西地区膜下滴灌春玉米种植条件下土壤水分、盐分的观测,分析了膜下滴灌春玉米生育期土壤水分、盐分动态变化及其产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:不同生育期,同一土层深度,土壤水分含量高低分布与土壤盐分含量高低分布相反,均表现出土壤不同深度盐分含量高的区域相应水分含量低,滴灌带之间土壤盐分积累较滴头之间显著;灌水定额480 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水分在土层纵向运移显著,深层渗漏明显,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,灌溉水在土壤不同深度横向层面运移显著,有利于作物吸收利用;膜下滴灌能够在滴水过程中明显降低土壤表层0~40 cm盐分含量,土壤下层40~100 cm为盐分聚集区域;灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理,春玉米产量构成和水分利用效率较高。从作物生长水盐环境及高效节水的角度出发,灌水定额420 m~3·hm~(-2)处理的效益最优。     

Effects of temperature,water regime and irrigation system on the release of ascospores of Mycosphaerella nawae,causal agent of circular leaf spot of persimmon

Experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to quantify the effects of temperature, water regime and irrigation system on the release of Mycosphaerella nawae ascospores from leaf litter in Spanish persimmon orchards. The effect of temperature on ascospore release was best described by a Gompertz model. The end of the lag phase of ascospore release occurred at 9·75°C, and the end of the exponential phase at 15·75°C. Few ascospores were discharged from dry leaves wetted with 0·1 or 0·5 mm water, but significant amounts were recovered with 1–50 mm water. About half of the total ascospores were released after three wetting and drying cycles, but 32 cycles were necessary for a complete discharge. No significant difference in ascospore release was detected when the leaf litter was wetted by flood and drip irrigation. However, considering the proportion of soil area wetted in both systems, inoculum release was significantly reduced by drip irrigation. The potential of drip irrigation as a cultural control measure should be investigated.     

增氧灌溉对盆栽冬小麦生长及土壤通气性的影响

以冬小麦为供试作物，以普通地下滴灌为对照（CK），设置循环曝气（VAI）、双氧水（HP30、HP3K）三种增氧灌溉处理，系统监测土壤通气性、作物根系生长和养分吸收利用状况，研究土壤通气性与冬小麦生长的响应规律。结果表明，增氧灌溉可显著改善土壤通气性，与对照相比，灌溉后2 d内土壤通气性指标有显著改善，其中，VAI和HP30处理拔节期20 cm土层氧气扩散速率增大了43.99%和21.37%，VAI处理土壤呼吸增大了106.62%。增氧灌溉促进了作物根系生长，VAI处理0~10 cm土层根系总表面积和根长密度增加了44.18%和37.21%，HP30处理0~10 cm土层根长密度和根系总体积提高了21.13%和32.69%；增氧灌溉下作物的生理指标较对照有显著提高，其中，VAI、HP3K和HP30处理灌浆期光合速率提高了43.41%、26.37%和20.37%，VAI和HP30处理灌浆期气孔导度增大了23.53%和17.65%，蒸腾速率提高了11.61%和15.83%；同时，VAI处理和HP30处理产量提高了36.27%和23.37%，VAI处理水分利用效率增大了38.98%，均存在显著性差异。综上，增氧灌溉改善了作物根区的土壤通气性，促进了作物根系生长，提高了作物产量和水分利用效率，其中，VAI处理的改善效果最佳。     

民勤绿洲膜下滴灌洋葱节水高产灌溉制度

通过TDR土壤水分测定仪结合PC-2S土壤墒情监测系统及作物生理生态指标常规测定方法测定了膜下滴灌洋葱不同灌水处理下土壤水热动态、生长动态、产量效应、水分利用效率、耗水规律及经济效益,并结合TRM-ZS3全自动气象站气象数据比较不同滴灌处理的优越性,分析了不同灌水处理对水热变化、产量、灌溉水利用、耗水特性及效益的影响。研究表明,膜下滴灌土壤水热变化均匀、利用率高,有利于洋葱生长;适宜的滴灌定额条件下(T4)洋葱单株重、横茎及纵茎均较大,产量较对照(CK)增加8.65%,节水21.6%,灌溉定额降低120 mm,生育期耗水降低136.9 mm,水分利用效率提高37.31%,水分生产力达27.0元·m~(-3),净收入增加13.8%。与对照覆膜畦灌相比,滴灌处理生育期耗水强度较对照均降低0.8 mm·d~(-1)以上,能有效降低棵间无效蒸发损失,减少生育期耗水,改善土壤水热状况,提高作物产量、水分利用效率和经济效益,是一种经济可行、易于推广的节水方法。     

鲁北平原咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响

鲁北平原是山东省重要的粮棉油生产基地,合理利用微咸水和咸水资源是亟待解决的问题。通过田间小区试验,以淡水滴灌处理为对照,设置不同矿化度咸水滴灌处理,研究全地膜覆盖条件下,咸水滴灌对棉花农田土壤水盐分布和产量的影响。结果表明,灌出苗水可以明显降低棉田主要根层土壤EC值,降低率在26．8％～29．0％之间。咸水滴灌减少了棉花对土壤水分的吸收,主要影响土层在40～100 cm,灌溉水矿化度越高,影响越大。与淡水滴灌相比,滴灌补灌矿化度6g·L-1以下的咸水对棉花产量没有明显的影响,而滴灌8g·L-1的咸水在降水偏少的年份能明显降低棉花产量。从土壤盐分的积累来看,利用滴灌补灌一次6g·L-1以下的咸水,通过黄河水和夏季降水淋洗土壤盐分,不会造成棉花根系分布层土壤盐分的积累。该研究结果可为鲁北平原区咸水利用提供科学依据。     

滴灌春小麦生长发育与水分利用效率的研究

试验于2009-2010在石河子大学试验站进行,设置了滴灌和漫灌两种灌溉方式,滴灌又设置了一管四行和一管六行两种滴灌带布置方式,目的在于分析不同灌溉方式及不同毛管布置方式对滴灌小麦生长发育及水分利用率等方面的影响.结果表明:滴灌与传统漫灌相比,株高、叶绿素含量、根系活力增加,叶绿素后期下降缓慢,滴灌可降低小麦千物质在营养器官中的分配率,促进干物质向籽粒中分配,防止后期叶片旱衰;滴灌比漫灌相比灌水量降低了25％,产量平均增加14.4％,水分利用效率提高35.4％.滴灌小麦实行一管四行毛管布置与一管六行相比受水均匀,不同边行间植株生长差异小,产量及水分利用效率均比一管六行高.     

籽瓜滴灌制度与效益研究

本试验使用滴头流量2.3升/小时,滴头间距0.5米的以色列滴灌设备,研究了籽瓜在民勤沙区种植的灌溉制度及以传统的沟灌作对照的投入和产出。试验结果:灌溉定额全年为218.8米~3/亩;一次性灌水定额为7.4米~3/亩;滴灌间期是;5月份根据土壤墒情灌足底水,6、7、8月份分别为3.9天、2.2天和4.1天;每次灌溉时间3.6小时;较沟灌节约用水62.8%;节省劳力37.7%;减少投入2.8%,增加产值32.8%。经济效益和节水效益显著。     

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas, a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi, Northwest China. Four types of biodegradable mulches, traditional plastic mulchs and a control group (bare land; referred to as CK) were compared, including a total of six different treatments. Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined. In addition, a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed. Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation. Our results show that, compared with CK, biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5% and 1.5%-3.0% in the middle and late growth periods (P<0.050), respectively. The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows. Compared with plastic mulch, the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C (P<0.050) at the seedling stage and the full growth period, respectively, and the water use efficiency, average fruit yield, and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%, 3.39%-8.69%, and 0.51%-6.33% (P<0.050), respectively. The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition. Therefore, from the perspective of sustainable development, biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.     

Comparison of lettuce diseases and yield under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were compared on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Misty Day for yield and incidence and severity of three important diseases of lettuce in the Salinas Valley, CA. Experiments were conducted between 1993 and 1995 during the spring and fall seasons. The diseases examined included lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), and corky root (Rhizomonas suberifaciens). Replicated plots of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were arranged in a randomized complete-block design. All plants were inoculated with S. minor at the initiation of the experiment during the 1993 spring season. Plots were not inoculated for downy mildew and corky root during any season nor were the plots reinoculated with S. minor. During each season, all plots were sprinkler irrigated until thinning, and subsequently, the irrigation treatments were begun. The furrow plots were irrigated once per week, and the drip plots received water twice per week. The distribution of soil moisture at two soil depths (0 to 5 and 6 to 15 cm) at 5, 10, and 15 cm distance on either side of the bed center in two diagonal directions was significantly lower in drip-irrigated compared with furrow-irrigated plots. Plots were evaluated for lettuce drop incidence and downy mildew incidence and severity at weekly intervals until harvest. Corky root severity and yield components were determined at maturity. Lettuce drop incidence and corky root severity were significantly lower and yields were higher in plots under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation, regardless of the cultivar, except during the 1994 fall season. Incidence and severity of downy mildew were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods throughout the study. The differential microclimates created by the two irrigation treatments did not affect downy mildew infection, presumably because the mesoclimate is usually favorable in the Salinas Valley. Subsurface drip irrigation is a viable, long-term strategy for soilborne disease management in lettuce in the Salinas Valley.     

膜下滴灌条件下不同矿化度水对土壤水盐动态及棉花产量的影响

塔里木盆地分布着相当大面积矿化度在3~5 g/L之间的浅层地下咸水,有很大的开发利用潜力。通过微区测坑试验,采用膜下滴灌技术,用不同矿化度的咸水灌溉棉花,探求其对土壤水盐动态和棉花产量的影响。研究表明:(1)土壤盐分和水分二者的动态变化是紧密相关的,其中,土壤盐分动态变化主要受大气和灌溉水的影响,土壤水分的动态变化主要受棉花生长阶段和灌溉水的影响;(2)咸水膜下滴灌与淡水膜下滴灌同样具有淋洗和压盐效果;(3)通过棉花产量分析发现:与采用淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉对产量,单株铃数和单铃重具有一定的影响,对衣分没有影响;(4)当灌溉水矿化度大于3.24 g/L时,不利于塔里木盆地进行农业生产。     

盐碱棉田地表-地下接力式滴灌下水盐分布及棉花生长特征

地表-地下接力滴灌是集膜下滴灌和地下滴灌优点于一体的新型节水控盐技术,但目前针对该技术应用效果的研究尚少。针对如何对地表-地下接力式滴灌中的地表滴灌和地下滴灌进行水量分配效果最优这一问题,设置100%地表滴灌(W1)、75%地表滴灌+25%地下滴灌(W2)、50%地表滴灌+50%地下滴灌(W3)、25%地表滴灌+75%地下滴灌(W4)、100%地下滴灌(W5)共计5个处理,比较了不同水量分配下的地表-地下接力式滴灌与单一地表滴灌、单一地下滴灌对盐碱棉田土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响。结果表明：(1)W3处理根区土壤含水量分布最均匀,干燥区域面积最小。(2)W4处理窄行区域淋洗范围最大,脱盐效果最显著。(3)W3处理棉花吐絮期总干物质量和籽棉产量最大,分别为112.66 g和9 147 kg·hm^-2;吐絮期总干物质量比W1和W5处理分别提高11.3%和19.1%,籽棉产量比W1和W5处理分别提高14.1%和11.9%。地表-地下接力式滴灌处理下土壤含水量得以显著改善,在对土壤盐分进行淋洗的过程中表现出接力效应,淋洗面积和淋洗效果均有所增大。相比于单一地表滴灌和单一地...     

膜下滴灌条件下不同水分处理对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探索新疆膜下滴灌棉田方便快捷的高效灌水模式,分别于2007年和2009年在乌鲁木齐采用大田小区试验,通过自制蒸发皿水面蒸发量控制灌水,研究了膜下滴灌条件下棉花生长和籽棉产量以及水分利用效率对不同水分处理的响应;两个生长季的试验结果表明,与全生育期充分灌水处理相比,蕾期和花铃期持续亏水处理均对棉花生长、产量和耗水过程产生不同程度的负面影响,但适时适度的水分亏缺对棉花籽棉产量的影响不明显,而且可节约22.78%~24.88%的灌水量,灌溉水利用效率提高了27.94%~34.85%。蕾期轻度亏水(灌水定额为70%水面蒸发量)、花铃后期重度亏水(灌水定额为50%水面蒸发量)、花铃前期充分供水(灌水定额为100%水面蒸发量)的调亏灌溉模式是一种方便快捷的优质高效灌溉模式,可作为膜下滴灌条件下新疆棉花生产的一种适宜灌水模式。     

磁化水滴灌对棉田土壤脱盐效果及棉花产量的影响

以棉花为对象进行磁化水滴灌试验,通过田间小区试验,设置一次磁化、二次磁化和CK处理,研究不同磁场强度处理水灌溉对棉田土壤脱盐效果以及对棉花生长状况和增产效果的影响,旨在提出一种改良土壤盐渍化的新技术。结果表明:滴灌条件下磁化水可以有效增强对土壤全盐含量、Cl~-和Na~+的淋洗作用,二次磁化和一次磁化处理的脱盐作用显著大于对照处理,且二次磁化中3 600~2 000 m T效果最佳,二次磁化和一次磁化处理全盐含量分别降低了25.5%和19.5%,CK降低了10.46%;磁化水灌溉可以提高棉花的生物量,缓解盐分对棉花的伤害,提高棉花产量,增产率达9.61%~15.32%。