不同灌溉方式对宁南黄土丘陵区设施辣椒生长发育及产量的影响

在半干旱黄土丘陵典型区宁夏固原日光温室内进行了不同灌溉方式对设施辣椒生长发育及产量的影响试验。在满足设施辣椒正常生长的情况下,通过设定不同时期不同灌水量,计算不同灌溉方式灌水总量,并测定不同处理下辣椒生长发育指标及产量。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下辣椒株高、茎粗、产量差异明显。毛管滴灌下株高和叶绿素SPAD值最大,膜下沟灌株高最矮,茎粗最粗;膜下沟灌产量最高,相对传统沟灌节水50.3%,其次为滴头滴灌,毛管滴灌产量最低;采用毛管滴灌和滴头滴灌技术,比传统沟灌分别节水71.2%和65.8%,节水效果极显著;膜下沟灌和膜上沟灌较传统沟灌节水50%左右,节约成本达850.5~1 227元/hm2。宁南黄土丘陵区日光温室栽培辣椒从高产角度看比较适合采用膜下沟灌,从节水高效模式来看比较适合采用滴头滴灌。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地植物固沙灌溉制度初步研究

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地三种灌溉方式土壤水分和植物灌溉后水分周期动态的连续测定 ,对该地区植物固沙的灌溉制度进行了初步的研究。结果表明 ,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地造林 ,滴灌、沟灌和畦灌地每年灌溉水量分别为 3 4 6 - 41 6 m3 /亩、894- 1 0 73 m3 /亩和 1 5 5 8-1 870 m3 /亩 ,每次灌溉后的间隔期 ,7— 8月份 5— 7天 ,其它月份 7— 1 0天灌溉一次较为合理 ,这样年植物整个生育期灌溉 2 5— 3 0水时 ,植物的生长不会受到水分的严重协迫     

干旱缺水区膜下滴灌棉花节水机理及灌溉制度研究

在石羊河流域进行了一管多行的棉花膜下滴灌节水机理及灌溉制度试验研究。结果表明:G1方案(灌水定额为20、15 m~3·667m~(-2)和10 m~3·667m~(-2))和G2方案(灌水定额为20 m~3·667m~(-2))的耗水量变化范围基本一致,变化于247~276 m~3·667m~(-2)。膜下滴灌棉花产量随灌水定额增加而增加,G2方案(灌水定额等于20 m~3·667m~(-2))是膜下滴灌棉花的高产灌水定额。灌溉定额在80~90 m~3·667m~(-2)以下时,产量随灌溉定额呈直线增长,灌水对棉花产量起决定性作用;在90~115 m~3·667m~(-2)时,产量随灌溉定额呈曲线增长,水的增产作用逐渐减缓;大于115~120 m~3·667m~(-2)时产量随灌溉定额的增加而减少。灌溉定额一定时毛管配置方式对棉花耗水量影响差异不大。一管三行略高于一管四行,随灌溉定额的增加而增加,耗水模数与灌溉定额呈逆向关系。不同灌溉定额下,日蒸腾水量变化趋势一致,即中期大前后期小。一管三行、一管四行两种灌溉方式均能达到高产水平,毛管间距可扩大到80~100 cm,毛管投入量比现状减少33%~50%,是干旱缺水区膜下滴灌棉花节水高效的田间灌溉方式。现蕾期第一次灌水,吐絮初期最后一次灌水,棉铃期灌水2~4次,全生育期灌水4~6次,灌水定额20 m~3·667m~(-2),灌溉定额80~120 m~3·667m~(-2)的灌溉制度,是一管多行的高产灌溉模式。土壤水分下限值保持在适当范围内(开花期之前60%以上,棉铃期45%~60%,吐絮期至收获期50%以下),可满足作物营养生长和生殖生长对土壤水分的需求。     

灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。     

不同灌溉方式对渭北果园土壤水分及水分利用的影响

为了筛选适合渭北黄土高原苹果园的节水灌溉方式,以陕富6号苹果为试材,研究了不同灌溉方式下0～1 m土壤含水率的动态变化规律、土壤储水量和水分利用效率.结果表明:(1)3～10月份,不同层次土壤含水率由高到低为:膜下滴灌＞膜下沟溉≈滴灌＞沟灌＞不灌溉,覆膜与不覆膜之间比较,膜下沟灌＞沟灌,膜下滴灌＞滴灌.(2)6月15日...     

灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分及产量品质的影响

采用沟灌、畦灌、滴灌、微喷灌和不灌水(CK)5种灌溉方式,通过对比试验研究不同灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分含量、叶片光合参数及果实产量与品质的影响,筛选适宜的节水抗旱灌溉技术。结果表明:(1)果树根层(0～60 cm)土壤含水量表现为微喷灌>滴灌>畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌的蓄水能力显著高于其它灌溉方式;(2)叶片净光合速率表现为微喷灌≥滴灌≥畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌处理的梨树叶片光合作用能力最强,其次是滴灌;(3)增产效果最好的是微喷灌,其次是滴灌,单株产量分别比CK提高了54.98%和44.18%;(4)在果实品质方面,微喷灌和滴灌显著提高了果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量及可溶性总糖含量,并且显著降低了果实硬度、含酸量及石细胞含量,两者对果实品质的改善效果明显好于沟灌和畦灌。综合分析表明,微喷灌能够明显改善梨园土壤水分条件和梨树光合能力,显著提高果实产量与品质,是较为理想的节水灌溉技术。     

连续多年不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤磷剖面分布的影响

自以同一方案连续12 a进行定位灌溉试验的栽培番茄保护地,分层采集0~100 cm土层的土壤样本,研究了灌溉方式对保护地土壤全磷、速效磷(Olsen-P)含量及其剖面分布的影响。结果表明,0~60 cm土层土壤全磷、速效磷含量明显高于60~100 cm土层;土层不同灌水处理间土壤全磷、速效磷含量及其剖面分布0~60 cm土层表现出了明显差异,总体上沟灌和滴灌高于渗灌,而沟灌和滴灌之间差异不明显;速效磷占全磷比例在0~40 cm土层以滴灌处理为最高,其它两灌溉处理相对较低;与滴灌、渗灌处理不同,沟灌处理土壤的速效磷占全磷比例随土层深度增加变化不明显。相关分析结果表明,各灌溉处理土壤速效磷与全磷之间呈极显著正相关关系,而全磷、速效磷含量与有机质间呈显著的指数正相关关系。     

尿素对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞的影响

为确定水肥一体化灌溉过程中,尿素对滴头堵塞的影响,分别配置了3种泥沙浓度(1.0、1.5 g·L~(-1)和2.0 g·L~(-1)),3种肥料质量浓度(1%、2%和3%),进行了间歇灌水堵塞试验,分析了滴头流量和排出泥沙量。结果表明:施加尿素对浑水滴灌具有缓解滴头堵塞的作用,在一定的尿素浓度范围内,施肥浓度越大,减缓作用越明显;施肥浓度对滴头的堵塞形式和主要堵塞物淤积位置的影响很小。滴头出流泥沙含量随灌水次数的增加呈现先快速增加,后逐渐变缓并趋于下降的趋势。施加尿素提高了滴头泥沙输送能力,施肥浓度越大,滴头输送泥沙的能力越大,泥沙排出率越大。浑水中施加尿素具有减缓滴头堵塞,延长滴头有效灌水次数的作用,当含沙量为2.0g·L~(-1)时,尿素浓度为1%,2%和3%的水肥一体化滴灌有效灌水次数比未添加尿素的可分别提高11%,89%和100%。可尝试通过尿素水肥一体化滴灌,缓解黄河水滴灌滴头堵塞危险,提高滴灌系统使用效率。     

塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花水分生产函数及其效益

以2007—2012年塔里木灌区膜下滴灌田间灌溉试验数据为基础,采用最小二乘法原理,拟合了棉花的水分生产函数模型,分析并计算了棉花最高产量灌溉定额、最佳效益灌溉定额、高效用水灌溉定额,揭示了棉花的水分效应及需水规律。结果表明:塔里木灌区膜下滴灌棉花需水临界期是花铃期和蕾期;产量与耗水量、灌水量均呈良好的二次抛物线关系;合理灌溉定额为3 091~3 464 m~3·hm~(-2),最高产量灌溉定额为3 464 m~3·hm~(-2),高效用水灌溉定额为3 091 m~3·hm~(-2);水资源投入的最佳效益点并非水分利用效率最高点和最高产量点,而是存在于3091~3 464 m~3·hm~(-2)区间;当边际效益等于边际成本时,净收益最大,为24 333.1元·hm~(-2),每立方灌水量净收益7.23元·hm~(-2);现状条件下最佳效益灌溉定额为3 459 m~3·hm~(-2),产量为6 360.7 kg·hm~(-2),与最高产量6 360.8kg·hm~(-2)基本相同,但比最高产量节水5 m~3·hm~(-2),每立方灌水净收益增加0.21元·hm~(-2),水分利用效率提高0.003 kg·m-3。     

南疆膜下滴灌棉花耗水规律以及灌溉制度研究

2004年在南疆尉犁县进行了棉花膜下滴灌耗水规律以及灌溉制度的研究,通过设置三个灌水处理:345 mm、420 mm、505 mm,并连续监测每次灌前棉花全生育期土壤含水量变化,得出以下结论:在花期(7月4日)滴灌定额45 mm,灌水只能影响到土壤0~40 cm,灌后第一天,土壤水分损失可达到20 mm;灌后四天,0~40 cm含水量已降至60%以下,棉花已受到水分胁迫。在南疆,在充分满足棉花对水分需求的条件下,膜下滴灌棉花耗水量为625 mm,505 mm的灌溉量可满足棉花对水分的需求。根据实验的灌水安排以及棉花各生育阶段的耗水率,南疆膜下滴灌棉花的灌溉制度为:蕾期每次灌水定额35 mm,每5天灌一次;花铃期每次灌水定额为50 mm,7天灌一次,盛铃期后,灌水定额逐渐降低至35 mm。     

两种灌溉方式下的梭梭造林试验

通过对梭梭畦灌和沟灌造林的土壤水分状况、三年来的成活率、新枝生长量和株高生长状况的调查,以及体内水分平衡状况的测定,试验表明,营造固沙林畦灌比沟灌要好,而沟灌正是造林的主要方式,指出在造林第三年以后必须注意灌溉质量,应增加灌溉量以满足大龄苗木的生长需要。     

Effect of drip and furrow irrigation methods on<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bemisia tabaci</Emphasis> populations in cotton fields

Effects of drip and furrow irrigation and their application at three different levels, onBemisia tabaci populations, were studied during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons in Aydın, Turkey, with the objective of attaining water rates of 100% (full), 66% (2/3) and 33% (1/3) during irrigation periods. All plots were irrigated during four different phenological periods,viz., blooming, boll setting, boll and 5–10% of boll open stage. The number of whitefly immatures was significantly greater in furrow-irrigated than in drip-irrigated plots in both 1999 and 2000 and there were significant differences found in the effect of the irrigation methods and their application levels as well. In all trials, the number of whitefly nymphs was the highest in the 33% (1/3) water supply with both drip and furrow methods. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 3, 2003.     

日光温室茄子合理灌溉方法初探

在日光温室中采用沟灌、滴灌、渗灌、小孔出流4种灌溉方法,通过对比试验研究了不同灌溉方法在不同土壤水分控制范围内对茄子生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,并利用数理统计方法对试验结果进行了分析.研究得出:可以优先选择的4种灌溉处理组合为CT_1>DT_2>CT_3>CT_2,其中CT1(即渗灌条件下)当土壤水分控制范围在田间持水量的55%～65%(开花着果期)和田间持水量的65%～75%(结果期)时,茄子长势良好,其产量较相同水分处理下沟灌增产17%;且水分利用效率最高,分别为其他优选灌溉处理组合的1.12倍、1.38倍和1.37倍.     

灌溉和施肥方式对红麻生长和产量的影响

本研究旨在通过大田小区试验,研究灌溉和施肥方式对红麻生长和产量的影响,为确定红麻合理的灌溉和施肥方式提供依据。试验选择福红992(常规栽培种)和红优2号(杂交种)2种红麻品种,沟灌和滴灌2种灌溉方式,3种施肥方式:1 T1,60%N和K肥作基肥,余下40%N和K肥用作追肥;2 T2,40%N和K肥作基肥,余下60%N和K肥用作追肥;3 T3,20%N和K肥作基肥,其余作为追肥。结果表明:1沟灌时,福红992的产量明显高于红优2号,且60%NK肥作追肥时产量最高。2与沟灌相比,滴灌明显改善了株高等农艺性状,显著提高了红优2号的生麻产量;但灌溉方式对福红992的产量影响不显著。结论为在滴灌施肥状态下,60%NK肥作追肥时,红麻杂交种"红优2号"的生麻产量和地上部干质量均最高。     

Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands

With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO₃ ^?-N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.62 t ha^?1) than with furrow irrigation, (47.37 t ha^?1). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.87 t ha^?1) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO₃ ^?-N and K to deeper soil layers.     

Mechanisms of Subsurface Drip Irrigation-Mediated Suppression of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia minor

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip irrigation and associated mandatory minimum tillage practices significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor) and the severity of corky root on lettuce compared with furrow irrigation and conventional tillage. Three possible mechanisms for the drip irrigation-mediated disease suppression were examined in this study: qualitative and quantitative differences in the soil microflora under furrow and subsurface drip irrigation; their antagonism and potential bio-control effects on S. minor; and the physical distribution of soil moisture and temperature relative to the two irrigation methods. To determine if the suppressive effects under subsurface drip irrigation were related to changes in soil microflora, soils were assayed for actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi during the spring and fall seasons. The effects of the irrigation methods on microbial populations were nearly identical during both seasons. In the spring season, the total number of fungal colonies recovered on potato dextrose agar amended with rose Bengal generally was greater in soils under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, but no such differences were observed during the fall. Numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria were not significantly different between irrigation methods during either season. No interaction between sampling time and irrigation methods was observed for any of the microbial populations during both seasons. Thus, the significant effect of sampling time observed for actinomycete and bacterial populations during the spring was most likely not caused by the irrigation treatments. There were also no qualitative differences in the three groups of soil microflora between the irrigation treatments. Even though some fungal, actinomycete, and bacterial isolates suppressed mycelial growth of S. minor in in vitro assays, the isolates came from both subsurface drip- and furrow-irrigated soils. In in planta assays, selected isolates failed to reduce the incidence of drop in lettuce plants. The soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation was significantly lower at all depths and distances from the bed center after an irrigation event than under furrow irrigation. The soil temperature, in contrast, was significantly higher at both 5 and 15 cm depths under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. The suppression of lettuce drop under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation is attributed to differential moisture and temperature effects rather than to changes in the soil microflora or their inhibitory effects on S. minor.     

滴灌大豆需水规律及灌溉制度研究

在滴灌条件下,分别设置295 mm、345 mm、395 mm、445 mm这4个不同的灌水处理;同时设置1个沟灌处理为对照,对不同灌水量处理的大豆田间土壤水分动态及大豆田间耗水规律进行分析研究,初步确立在石河子地区,滴灌大豆适宜的灌溉制度参数为:灌溉定额为395～445 mm,灌水定额为35～45 mm,苗期和成熟期取下限,灌水周期为7 d;花荚期和鼓粒期取上限,灌水周期5 d,整个生育期灌水13次.     

极端干旱区滴灌条件下葡萄茎流变化规律研究

为探究极端干旱区滴灌葡萄植株茎流变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Flow4-DL包裹式茎流计监测滴灌和沟灌条件下葡萄植株的茎流变化规律,研究了茎流速率的变化规律与气象因子的相互关系,以及日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量之间的关系.研究结果表明:在晴天,葡萄植株茎流速率的日变化呈现双峰曲线;在阴天,葡萄植株茎流变化曲线呈现多峰型;通过对各环境因子与葡萄植株茎流进行偏相关分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速极显著相关,与饱和水汽压显著相关,与温度、湿度不显著相关,相关程度依次为:光合有效辐射＞风速＞饱和水汽压＞空气湿度＞空气温度;采用逐步删除法进行多元回归分析,得到茎流与光合有效辐射、风速、饱和水汽压具有较强的线性相关关系,回归方程达到极显著水平;滴灌和沟灌情况下日茎流量与参考作物蒸发蒸腾量呈显著线性相关关系,且沟灌的相关性高于滴灌.