乌海市沿黄河两岸沙丘风沙流结构差异与冰面风沙特征

为了研究乌海市沿黄河两岸沙丘风沙流结构差异与冰面风沙特征,开展以黄河西岸-黄河冰面-黄河东岸为路径的风沙观测实验,通过对比分析黄河两岸沙丘风沙流结构、沙尘粒度特征,为黄河沙尘防控问题提供理论依据。研究表明:两岸沙丘总输沙率均随着高度增加而减小,东岸输沙率垂直拟合优度较西岸差,风沙流比西岸更容易达到非饱和状态。黄河冰面裂缝滞留沙尘粒径大于0. 19 mm,较小颗粒则输移到东岸,东岸沙丘受矿采区粉尘影响,极细砂粒(0. 05～0. 1 mm)含量增加,极细砂平均含量东岸西岸,沙尘平均粒径东岸西岸。沿黄河两岸沙丘与冰面沙尘的粒度参数峰度均为宽峰态,沙物质来源相似。     

海岸风沙运动观测与模拟的研究与进展

海岸风沙运动的观测与模拟研究是海岸风沙地貌等海岸风沙问题研究的基础与核心。本文依据 1 980— 1 999年间的国内外研究文献 ,较为详尽地回顾近 2 0年来国内外尤其是国外的海岸风沙运动观测与模拟研究 ,综述了包括在海岸沙丘表面气流运动与风沙流结构观测、海岸风沙运动速率观测以及海岸风沙运动方程的验证、修正与建立等方面的主要进展、成果与问题     

乌兰布和沙漠风沙流结构的研究

作者观测了固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构,并运用拟合曲线、拟合方程等方法对固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明,两种沙丘输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比;0-40cm高度内输沙量与风速之间遵循指数关系;流动沙丘的沙粒运动主要集中在近地层0-6cm高度范围内;另外,植被阻截沉沙效果特别明显,植被覆盖度在30%时,沉沙效果达到95%以上,且随风速的增大而增加。     

新月形沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合和分离的两种过程——以甘肃河西走廊沙区为例

为了揭示新月形沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合和分离的两种过程,对甘肃河西走廊沙区绿洲边缘的新月形沙丘进行了调查观测,并在民勤绿洲边缘新月形沙丘上进行了流场观测。结果表明:1新月形沙丘的顶点与沙脊线的重合和分离两种过程交替进行,春季≥5 m·s~(-1)的NW风是沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合的主要原因,夏季≥5 m·s~(-1)的SE风是沙丘顶点与沙脊线分离的主要原因。重合的过程也是沙丘前移的过程。2沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合时,沙丘顶点的风速大于上风向旷野风速;沙丘的顶点与沙脊线分离且当旷野风速≥8 m·s~(-1)时,沙丘顶点至沙脊线之间的风速小于上风向旷野风速。3从沙丘迎风坡底部到沙丘顶部,中沙增多细沙减少;沙丘各部位的细沙粒度与≥2 m·s~(-1)的风速正相关,中沙粒度与≥2 m·s~(-1)风速为负相关;沙丘各部位粒度的不确定性是由两个相反方向的风沙流过程造成的,此过程与沙丘顶点与沙脊线重合和分离两种过程的交替进行是对应一致的。     

塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害形成研究

塔里木沙漠公路南北横贯塔里木盆地 ,全长 5 6 2km ,其中近 80 %的路段穿行于塔克拉玛干沙漠之中 ,是世界上穿越流动沙漠最长的等级公路 ,因而风沙危害是制约沙漠公路正常运行的主要病害。研究表明 ,1)沙漠公路沿线风力强劲 ,沙丘形态各异 ,地表组成物质松散 ,为风沙危害形成提供了动力条件和奠定了物质基础 ;作为风沙危害的受灾对象 ,沙漠公路防沙体系结构以及公路纵横断面也直接作用于风沙危害形成过程 ;2 )沙漠公路风沙危害主要源于防沙体系沙物质的侵入和防沙体系内部因近地面气流变异而产生的风蚀与堆积 ;目前沙漠公路风沙危害的主体是防沙体系 ,危害的形式包括风蚀、风沙流滞留积沙和沙丘前移压埋。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区野外微梯度风沙流观测

利用2014年7月至8月塔中地区沙尘与扬沙天气下风沙流运动的实测数据,对0~85 mm高度内风沙流运动进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0~85 mm高度层,输沙率(Q)随风速(v)增大呈幂函数规律增加,R2≥0.975 7,且输沙率主要集中在0~35 mm高度内。(2)总输沙率和撞击颗粒数的最佳拟合函数为线性函数,R2≥0.878 2,相关性较好;塔中地区1 min最小临界起沙风速为4.0 m·s-1。(3)跃移运动集中在10:00—20:00,总输沙率最大值出现在12:00—16:00,17:00以后输沙率明显下降。     

流动沙丘区公路路基风沙流场数值模拟及路面沙害形成机制

基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟,以青海省中灶火省道303公路为研究区域,对流动沙丘区公路路基风沙流场进行了模拟分析,揭示了流动沙丘区路面沙害的形成机制,以期为流动沙丘区路面沙害的防治提供理论依据。数值模拟结果表明:当气流经过流动沙丘和路基时,气流速度产生分区;当存在流动沙丘时,路基周边的减速区范围明显增大,路基坡面和背风坡全部处于气流低速区的范围,沙丘高度以上,在沙丘顶部气流速度急剧增大,受障碍物自身形状的影响,风速变化由"Ω"型分布变为"M"型分布。当沙丘表面的原有防护体系疏于维护、更新,沙粒在沙丘附近大量堆积,沙丘会慢慢沿主风向移动,成为沙源,掩埋路基而形成沙害。数值模拟结果与现场实际相吻合,证实了数值模拟的准确性。对于流动沙丘区公路的沙害防治,应详细考察当地的地貌形态及风沙流运动规律,定期检查维护原有防护体系,及时清理积沙,既要阻止风沙流对沙丘进行沙源供给,又要防止沙丘本身成为沙源。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。     

基于流域尺度的中国北方沙地空间分布特征

沙漠河岸是独特的地理单元,在世界主要沙漠中普遍存在,风水复合地貌过程是其独特性的突出表现。文中以中国北方三级流域中沙地为研究对象,应用景观生态学中景观指数方法,以及统计学的主成分-聚类分析方法,对流域内风沙地貌空间分布组合状况进行划分:1)山前盆地-梳状水系-片状沙丘分布。2)山地高原-辐散状水系-带状沙丘分布。3)高原内陆湖盆-闭合水系-斑块沙丘分布。4)湖积平原-河湖相间-镶嵌沙丘分布。研究结论对干旱区风沙地貌研究具有一定的借鉴价值,也表明景观生态学方法在地貌分析中可以考虑作为潜在的分析工具。     

塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外试验数据的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响.结果表明:①阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带对近地表气流的速度和风速廓线形成很大影响,风速整体被削弱,而且越接近地表,削弱程度越大,风速廓线的垂直梯度增加;②在防沙体系内,地表输沙率急剧下降,风沙流结构发生很大变化,下层含沙量下降,而上层含沙量相对变化较少,在阻沙栅栏的积沙带和草方格固沙带内上层含沙量趋于均匀分布;(3) 阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带也影响沙丘的移动.当主导输沙风向与栅栏相交呈小角度时,靠近栅栏的沙丘顺栅栏走向侧向移动相交呈大角度时,移动方向变化不大,草方格固沙带不影响沙丘的移动方向;阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带能降低沙丘的移动速度,而在固沙带内部,由于沙丘的逆向演变,沙丘体积减小,移动速度较快.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.