非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响

为明确一种非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫的饲养效果,以豌豆蚜为对照,研究了该人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育和生殖能力的影响。结果表明,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫从卵到成虫的累计存活率达到82.2%,饲喂蚜虫的对照组为71.1%;与对照组相比,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫幼虫总历期延长(人工饲料16.24 d,对照12.47 d),蛹重减轻(人工饲料27.74 mg,对照33.93 mg),成虫寿命延长(人工饲料雌虫103.6 d,雄虫82.9 d;对照雌虫85.7 d,雄虫77.1 d),10 d累计产卵23.5粒,约为对照组的5%,但人工饲料对异色瓢虫的羽化率和后代卵的孵化率无显著影响;幼虫期饲喂人工饲料、成虫期改喂蚜虫的异色瓢虫10 d产卵量352.1粒,约为对照组的80%。本研究所用人工饲料能提高异色瓢虫幼虫存活率和成虫寿命,且幼虫期取食人工饲料对成虫期产卵量影响较小,因此适于作为异色瓢虫人工饲养中幼虫阶段的食物。     

橘小实蝇洛阳种群对毒死蜱的敏感性研究

采用人工饲料混毒法,初步测定了毒死蜱、甲氧虫酰肼、螺虫乙酯、氟氯氰菊酯和噻虫胺对2日龄橘小实蝇洛阳种群成虫的毒力,并进一步研究了不同日龄橘小实蝇洛阳种群成虫对毒死蜱的敏感性。结果表明,处理48 h后,供试药剂中对橘小实蝇2日龄成虫毒力最高的是毒死蜱,其对雌成虫的LC_(50)为0.455 4μg/mL,对雄成虫的LC_(50)为0.300 8μg/mL;毒死蜱对15个不同日龄橘小实蝇雌成虫的LC_(50)为0.314 6~10.055 8μg/mL,对雄成虫的LC_(50)为0.222 7~5.840 7μg/mL,不同日龄间呈现出较大的敏感性差异,且雄成虫比雌成虫对毒死蜱更敏感。     

龙爪槐花对异色瓢虫成虫寿命的影响

本文研究了龙爪槐花和其所含的主要糖类对异色瓢虫成虫寿命的影响。室内用龙爪槐花饲养的异色瓢虫雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为10.96和10.83 d,显著长于龙爪槐叶上成虫寿命(雌:3.98 d,雄:3.65 d);室外龙爪槐花序上生长的异色瓢虫成虫平均寿命(雌性:14.72 d,雄性:15.46 d)也显著高于枝条上的个体(雌:3.90 d,雄:3.82 d)。补充葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖4种糖液,能显著延长异色瓢虫成虫寿命。龙爪槐花含糖量较高的花粉与花蜜是异色瓢虫成虫的适宜食物、能维持其种群发生,是花期龙爪槐上虽没有蚜虫发生、但仍有高密度异色瓢虫成虫的主要原因。     

不同营养源对细点扁股小蜂寿命和产卵量的影响

采用单管饲养法,研究了不同营养源对细点扁股小蜂成虫寿命和产卵量的影响.结果表明:葡萄糖、蔗糖、蜂蜜饲养的雌蜂和雄蜂寿命差异显著(P＜0.05),而花粉、清水和对照饲养的雌蜂和雄蜂寿命差异不显著;补充蜂蜜、葡萄糖、蔗糖等营养均能显著延长细点扁股小蜂的寿命,与补充花粉、清水处理相比,平均寿命延长了3～9倍;20％蜂蜜饲养效果显著高于其他浓度,雌蜂寿命达到(35.2±1.1)d,较无饲喂处理寿命延长14倍以上;产卵量方面,10％和15％葡萄糖饲养效果显著高于其他浓度,雌蜂产卵量分别达到(67.5±3.4)粒和(65.6±2.7)粒,是清水饲喂处理的10倍以上.该研究结果可以为细点扁股小蜂的大量繁殖提供参考.     

外源营养补充对圆柏大痣小蜂成虫寿命的影响

为探究外源营养对圆柏大痣小蜂Megastigmus sabinae Xu et He成虫寿命的影响,本研究通过给当日羽化的同批次圆柏大痣小蜂成虫饲喂清水、蔗糖水及蜂蜜水,研究不同外源营养饲喂对雌、雄成虫寿命的影响。研究表明：3种喂养条件下雄蜂寿命均短于雌蜂,其中清水饲喂雌、雄蜂寿命差异显著;取食蔗糖水和蜂蜜水的圆柏大痣小蜂雌蜂寿命分别为18 d和14 d,两者均与饲喂清水对照之间存在显著差异;雌、雄蜂单独饲喂与雌、雄蜂混合饲喂存活数变化趋势基本一致。本研究为圆柏大痣小蜂生物防治研究提供虫源保障,同时也为研究圆柏大痣小蜂的生物学特点和行为提供支持。     

基于最大熵模型的沙棘绕实蝇适生性研究

沙棘绕实蝇(Rhagoletis batava Hering)是危害沙棘果实的重要害虫。本研究采用Maxent模型,在收集和整理沙棘绕实蝇全球地理分布信息的基础上,筛选出与该虫发生相关的11个关键环境变量,预测了当前及未来气候条件下该虫在全球以及我国的适生区和适生程度。在当前气候条件下,该虫在全球的适生范围主要集中在北温带地区,在我国的适生范围较广且适生程度较高;在2050年的两种气候情景下,沙棘绕实蝇在全球的适生区北界均向北移动,在我国的适生范围均略有扩大且适生区向西南部拓展。建议我国相关部门进一步加强针对沙棘绕实蝇的入侵防控工作。     

栎黄枯叶蛾对沙棘林的危害及生物学特性

栎黄枯叶蛾(Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang)是近年在沙棘林中大面积暴发的一种食叶害虫,以幼虫取食叶片,导致沙棘长势衰弱甚至死亡.本文采用野外调查和室内饲养观察相结合的方法对该虫的为害程度、形态特征、生活史、生物学特性等进行研究.结果表明:在陕西吴起,栎黄枯叶蛾为害严重,被害株率达到92.36％,枯死率达到6.45％,平均虫口密度为8.3头/株.该虫1年发生1代,以卵在茧表面、枝条及叶片等处越冬;翌年5月中下旬开始孵化,7月下旬开始结茧化蛹,蛹期平均(24.5±3.1)d;成虫始见于8月下旬,终见于9月下旬,羽化高峰期为9月上旬.成虫羽化主要集中在17:00-23:00,整个过程持续40～80 min;羽化后无需补充营养,至第2日方能交配产卵,交配时间为凌晨1:00-5:00,高峰期为3:00-4:00左右;雌虫只交配1次,雄虫可多次交配.成虫寿命为6～13 d.雌虫交尾后即可产卵,平均产卵量可达297粒.栎黄枯叶蛾生物学特性的系统研究,为其控制措施的制定提供了科学依据.     

补充外源营养对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响

采用单管饲养法,研究了外源营养对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响。结果表明:外源营养对不同性别豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂寿命的影响差异不显著。补充蜂蜜、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖等糖类营养均能显著延长姬小蜂的寿命,与补充牛血清白蛋白、清水以及无饲喂处理相比,平均寿命延长了5～9倍。15%葡萄糖水、15%蜂蜜水和15%蔗糖水的饲喂效果显著好于其他浓度,雌蜂平均寿命分别达(47.0±3.5)d、(45.7±2.9)d和(44.5±3.5)d,较无饲喂处理寿命延长15倍以上。该测定结果可以为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂的大量繁殖提供一定参考。     

樟树重要食叶害虫——樟蚕生物学特性研究

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)是我国南方重要的园林绿化树种和用材树种,但近年来遭受樟蚕(Eriogyna pyretorum)等害虫的持续为害。为此,采用野外调查和室内饲养相结合的方法 ,观察樟蚕生物学特性。结果表明,樟蚕在我国福州地区1年1代,以蛹越冬,世代历期平均338.08 d。其中,卵期32.57 d,幼虫期58.87 d,蛹期231.50 d,成虫期10.61 d。以幼虫为害当年新叶,1～3龄幼虫群集为害,4～7龄幼虫分散取食,6～7龄幼虫取食量最大。成虫于16时至20时羽化,喜夜间活动,寿命较长。雌虫的幼虫期为7龄,雄虫的幼虫期只有6龄,雌雄性比为1.73∶1。     

雌虫单头饲养对蠋蝽寿命和繁殖力的影响

本研究分别对有效交配后, 单头饲养和配对饲养的蠋蝽雌虫寿命和繁殖力参数进行统计分析?试验结果表明:有效交配后, 单头饲养的蠋蝽雌虫平均产卵量为343.80粒?平均产卵次数14.83次?平均寿命为53.13 d, 分别显著高于对照组(配对饲养)的平均产卵量(258.20粒)?平均产卵次数(10.63次)和平均寿命(45.30 d); 蠋蝽的单次产卵量?卵孵化率?卵直径均随产卵次数增加而减小, 其中单头饲养组的减小趋势显著; 单头饲养组蠋蝽的卵孵化率为59.58%, 显著低于对照组的68.89%, 而单头饲养组蠋蝽单雌所产卵的孵化数192.95头较对照组的177.87头更高?蠋蝽雌虫有效交配后进行单头饲养有利于延长蠋蝽寿命?提高其繁殖力?     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.