单翼迷宫贴壁式滴灌带水力性能初步试验研究

针对滴灌中贴壁式滴灌带的堵塞问题,通过室内试验在理论上研究不同水源泥沙浓度和进口压力下滴灌带细小流道抗堵塞水力学性能和消能情况。结果显示：迷宫式流道处于半紊流状态,具有较强的挟沙能力,消能充分。水源泥沙浓度小于100mg／L时,滴灌带几乎无堵塞,大于该值时,滴灌带开始堵塞。进水压力大,流量随之增大,滴头堵塞程度减小。     

滴头堵塞率及堵塞位置对灌水均匀度的影响

采用控制堵塞试验的方法,在压力恒定的条件下,分析了堵塞率、堵塞位置对灌水均匀度的影响规律。试验结果表明：当压力在4～10 m变化时,压力对于灌水均匀度的影响不显著,其变化范围在1%以内,生产实际中可以适当降低滴灌带的工作压力达到降低造价的目的;堵塞率是影响灌水均匀度的主要原因,堵塞率越高灌水均匀度越差,当堵塞率超过10%时,灌水均匀度CU已经远低于规范的最低值;只有当堵塞率不大于10%时,堵塞位置才对灌水均匀度有一定的影响,当堵塞位置分布在滴灌带前三分之一段和全段时,对灌水均匀度的影响较明显,此时灌水均匀度最小。     

尿素对浑水水肥一体化滴灌滴头堵塞的影响

为确定水肥一体化灌溉过程中,尿素对滴头堵塞的影响,分别配置了3种泥沙浓度(1.0、1.5 g·L~(-1)和2.0 g·L~(-1)),3种肥料质量浓度(1%、2%和3%),进行了间歇灌水堵塞试验,分析了滴头流量和排出泥沙量。结果表明:施加尿素对浑水滴灌具有缓解滴头堵塞的作用,在一定的尿素浓度范围内,施肥浓度越大,减缓作用越明显;施肥浓度对滴头的堵塞形式和主要堵塞物淤积位置的影响很小。滴头出流泥沙含量随灌水次数的增加呈现先快速增加,后逐渐变缓并趋于下降的趋势。施加尿素提高了滴头泥沙输送能力,施肥浓度越大,滴头输送泥沙的能力越大,泥沙排出率越大。浑水中施加尿素具有减缓滴头堵塞,延长滴头有效灌水次数的作用,当含沙量为2.0g·L~(-1)时,尿素浓度为1%,2%和3%的水肥一体化滴灌有效灌水次数比未添加尿素的可分别提高11%,89%和100%。可尝试通过尿素水肥一体化滴灌,缓解黄河水滴灌滴头堵塞危险,提高滴灌系统使用效率。     

回流滴灌系统毛管泥沙输移规律模拟及实验研究

为探究回流滴灌系统滴灌毛管的输沙潜力和抗堵塞性能,本试验通过CFD模拟和室内滴灌实验探究滴灌系统中泥沙颗粒输移规律和水流运动特性。CFD模拟结果表明:当毛管内水流流速小于0.2 m·s~(-1)时,随流速的增加,自毛管进入滴头的泥沙数量明显减少,且毛管内水流紊流强度大小与紊流区域范围逐渐减小;当毛管内水流流速大于0.2 m·s~(-1)时,流速的增加对进入滴头内的颗粒数量和水流状态无明显影响。室内滴灌实验结果表明:回流滴灌系统毛管水流流速增加时,滴头出水中的泥沙颗粒数量较支状系统减少约30%,而当回流毛管流速为0.1 m·s~(-1),三种滴灌带的灌水周期比支状滴灌系统分别提高50%、38%、41%,继续提高流速对提高灌水周期影响不大。回流滴灌系统较传统滴灌系统可以显著提高毛管的输沙排沙能力,减少进入滴头内的泥沙数量,提高系统抗堵塞性能,延长滴灌系统的运行周期。     

不同流量对滴灌土壤湿润体特征的影响

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,研究了不同流量、不同灌水历时条件下,地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律及滴灌结束时的水分分布规律。结果表明:湿润体的水平和垂直扩散距离均与时间有显著的幂函数关系,相关系数均大于0.99;湿润体的体积及湿润体内土壤含水率的分布同时受滴头流量和灌水量的控制,相同灌水量情况下,湿润体体积随滴头流量的增加而变小,平均含水率变大;并且建立了预测湿润体特征值和湿润体体积的经验模型。     

地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗—再分布过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行了原状土的树下单点源滴灌试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下(滴头流量分别为8、12、16 L·h~(-1))地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明:1停止灌溉时湿润锋呈平卧半椭球体分布,随着滴头流量的增加湿润锋的分布范围逐渐增大,停止灌溉后12 h内各滴头流量下土壤中的水分运移均存在再分布过程,水分再分布后湿润锋呈直立半椭球体分布,湿润体的形状大小受到滴头流量及灌溉总量的影响,湿润锋水平、垂直运移距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系,决定系数(R~2)均大于0.95;2滴灌初期湿润锋在水平、垂直方向上的运移速率随着滴头流量的增加而增大,随着灌水历时的延长逐渐降低,滴头流量越大入渗距离比也就越大,并且随着灌溉时间的推移入渗距离比值逐渐减小,三种滴头流量下入渗距离比由最初的2~2.27逐渐减小到0.8~0.97;3随着滴头流量的增大湿润体的体积不断增大,湿润体含水量也随之增大,距离滴头越近含水量等值线越密,外围含水量等值线较稀疏,滴头正下方约40 cm处土壤含水量增加值达到最大,再分布后含水量等值线变为稀疏,水平扩散半径增加值较小,垂直方向再分布距离较大。     

不同滴头流量及灌水定额下红枣树耗水规律

通过大田试验研究了不同滴头流量及灌水定额下红枣树的耗水规律,结果表明：各处理红枣树的全生育期耗水规律呈现单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在8月10日前后,各处理红枣树的日均最大耗水量在4.00～5.74 mm之间变化,各处理红枣树花期至成熟落叶期的作物系数在0.399～1.036之间变化,累积耗水量在287.0～413.5 mm之间变化;采用相同滴头流量时,红枣产量和WUE均随灌水定额的增大而增加,但增加的幅度逐渐减小;采用相同灌水定额时,增加滴头流量能够提高红枣产量和WUE,但在a=0.05水平下,未达到显著水平。     

不同灌水技术要素对地表滴灌交汇入渗特性的影响

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行大田滴灌交汇入渗试验,研究了不同滴头流量、不同间距、灌溉水量等不同灌水技术要素对地表滴灌交汇入渗特性及其湿润体形状的影响.结果表明:湿润体的水平扩散半径、向下入渗深度均随流量的增大而增大,且均与入渗时间有显著的幂函数关系;点源滴灌条件下,滴头流量、灌水量、滴头间距对土壤湿润体大小和形状都有...     

压力补偿式灌水器水力性能及抗堵塞性能试验研究

为探究压力补偿灌水器水力性能和抗堵塞性能,以华维节水科技集团有限公司生产的压力补偿灌水器为试验件,测试并评价了11种入口压力（50~350 kPa）下水力性能和3种不同浓度浑水（3、5 g·L^-1和7 g·L^-1）下抗堵塞性能。结果表明：在压力补偿弹片结构和环形迷宫流道结构的共同作用下,灌水器均匀度高、压力补偿性强,流态指数0.006,补偿区间110~350 kPa,起调压力50 kPa,其相对流量随着灌水次数的增加呈波动性减小;灌水器堵塞率随灌水次数的增加呈上升趋势。经过40次灌水后,3、5、7 g·L^-1浓度浑水条件下,灌水器的堵塞率分别达到20.8%、29.2%和52.1%,灌水器的抗堵塞性能随浑水浓度增加而逐渐降低,当泥沙浓度为5 g·L^-1和7 g·L^-1时,堵塞率显著上升,而在泥沙浓度3 g·L^-1条件下,抗堵塞性能良好,且有效使用时间可延长29.73%～41.89%。研究成果对压力补偿灌水器在实际工程中的应用具有指导意义。     

回流滴灌系统泥沙输移及抗堵塞性能研究

为探究在传统支状滴灌系统末端设置回流管后滴灌系统毛管主流流速增加后回流滴灌系统的输沙排沙潜力及其抗堵塞性能,通过周期滴灌实验分析回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数以及滴头堵塞情况,并对毛管内沉积泥沙分布特点和系统各部分输沙排沙所占比重进行分析。实验结果表明:0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流滴灌系统的灌水均匀系数、滴头堵塞数量均明显优于支状滴灌系统。回流流速为0.05、0.035、0.015 m·s~(-1)三种回流系统中毛管沉泥量依次增加,但均低于支状滴灌系统的毛管泥沙沉积数量,同时四种回流滴灌系统均表现为沿水流方向毛管内沉泥量逐渐增加。支状滴灌系统、0.015 m·s~(-1)回流、0.035 m·s~(-1)回流、0.05 m·s~(-1)回流系统回流排沙量分别为0、1.59、4.30、7.52 kg,表明回流管具有良好的输沙排沙能力。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.