桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA克隆及其生物信息学分析

克隆获得桃蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，明确钠离子通道的典型特征，为研究桃蚜抗性分子机理奠定基础。采用实验技术主要有RT-PCR和PCR，克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，利用相关软件对其序列进行生物信息学分析。克隆得到两段cDNA序列MpNa_v-1（NCBI登录号：MN124170）和MpNa_v-2（NCBI登录号：MN176136）。MpNa_v-1长度为2945 bp，包括2877 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码958个氨基酸；MpNa_v-2长度为3546 bp，包括3486 bp的完整开放阅读框，共编码1161个氨基酸。MpNa_v-1和MpNa_v-2共同组成桃蚜的钠离子通道α亚基，MpNa_v-1包含同源结构域Ⅰ和同源结构域Ⅱ，MpNa_v-2包含同源结构域Ⅲ和同源结构域Ⅳ。同源比对发现，桃蚜与豌豆蚜和高粱蚜钠离子通道基因相似度分别高达97.67%和97.65%，所克隆序列包含昆虫钠离子通道α亚基典型特征，具有MFM模块，并含有蚜虫类钠通道特有模块DENS。成功地克隆桃蚜钠离子通道基因，为阐明其对拟除虫菊酯类药剂产生靶标抗性的分子机制奠定基础。     

麦长管蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因克隆及序列分析

克隆获得麦长管蚜电压门控钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，明确其典型特征，为研究麦长管蚜抗性分子机理奠定基础。采用RT-PCR技术，克隆麦长管蚜钠离子通道基因cDNA序列，利用DNASTAR Lasergene 7.10软件对其序列进行分析。克隆得到两条cDNA序列SaNa_v1和SaNa_v2（GenBank登录号分别为MN176137和MN161584），SaNa_v1序列长3423 bp，共编码1141个氨基酸；SaNa_v2序列长2874 bp，共编码958个氨基酸。同源比对发现，SaNav1与禾谷缢管蚜和桃蚜的第一部分钠离子通道基因相似度分别高达97.81%和97.91%；SaNav2与禾谷缢管蚜和桃蚜的第二部分钠离子通道基因相似性高达97.90%和96.43%。所克隆序列包含4个同源结构域，每个结构域6个跨膜片段（S1～S6），存在钠通道选择性关键残基“DENS”。本文成功克隆了麦长管蚜中钠离子通道基因，为麦长管蚜钠离子通道抗性机制的研究提供依据。     

食虫沟瘤蛛钠离子通道基因cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性下降主要与神经细胞膜上钠离子通道的敏感性降低有关。至今已在14种昆虫的para直向同源钠离子通道基因序列中发现了与击倒抗性有关的20个突变。作者利用反转录-多聚酶链式反应（RT-PCR）对食虫沟瘤蛛的钠离子通道基因ⅢS5-ⅣS6区域进行了克隆、序列分析及同源性比较分析。     

菜粉蝶Pain离子通道基因的克隆和功能研究

通过克隆十字花科蔬菜重要害虫菜青虫Pieris rapae瞬时感受器电位通道中的Painless（Pain）基因，实现它的体外功能性表达，为进一步研究其在鳞翅目昆虫中的生理功能提供重要依据。根据菜青虫的转录组数据，采用RT-PCR克隆菜青虫Pain基因得到完整开放阅读框；利用哺乳动物表达系统在体外表达菜青虫Pain离子通道。鉴定出菜青虫Pain基因是GenBank登录号为NW_019093434.1的序列。其完成开放阅读框由2850个核苷酸组成，编码949个氨基酸。预测蛋白分子量为108.3 kDa，理论等电点pI为5.37。预测该基因所编码蛋白序列有2个结构域，分别是包含8个锚蛋白重复序列的锚蛋白结构域和6个跨膜区的跨膜结构域。氨基酸序列比对结果显示菜青虫Pain和家蚕、帝王蝶、小菜蛾以及烟草天蛾Pain的序列相似度都高达70%以上，但与黑腹果蝇Pain的序列相似度仅有31%。进化分析结果显示菜青虫Pain离子通道和小菜蛾以及帝王蝶的Pain离子通道的亲缘关系最近。体外钙流检测结果表明，菜青虫Pain离子通道可被43℃缓冲液激活，这说明菜青虫Pain离子通道可以感受高温。     

果蝇免疫基因的表达

昆虫与高等动物不同，没有B和T淋巴细胞系统，即便是它的体液因子也无免疫球蛋白存在。昆虫虽然没有完善的免疫体系，但它们先天性或获得性免疫能力却是惊人的。许多昆虫（蝗虫、蜚联、蝇、蚕等）都具有很强的抗病力’“。借助于现代分子生物学技术，人们开始研究其独特的免疫机理。第一个昆虫免疫基因（cecroPin）从鳞翅目昆虫天蚕opinfothe？．一田好的m）中克隆到后”’，双翅目昆虫果蝇（除规…伽）中也克隆到类似基因，现已从昆虫免疫机制研究的模式种一果蝇O沈叨…砌M勿my白河）中克隆10个免疫反应基因。本文对果蝇免疫反应基因的结…     

南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯的抗性机制

通过解毒酶活性测定与钠离子通道基因片段的克隆、测序,研究了南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯产生高水平抗性的生化和分子机制。结果表明,南京抗性种群的酯酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性分别是敏感种群的1.06和1.16倍,无显著差异;以2,4二硝基氯苯(CDNB)和1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯(DCNB)为底物,南京抗性种群的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性分别是敏感种群的0.68倍和1.03倍;进一步利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)分别从敏感和抗性小菜蛾基因组DNA中扩增出了位于钠离子通道结构域IIS6的232bp和248bp的DNA片段;与敏感种群相比,南京抗性种群钠离子通道基因存在一个保守性点突变,即C突变为T,并导致亮氨酸突变为苯丙氨酸,表明神经不敏感性是南京小菜蛾对拟除虫菊酯产生高水平抗性的主要机制。     

粘虫过氧化物酶MsPOD基因的克隆及不同温度胁迫的诱导效应

过氧化物酶（POD）是昆虫体内一种很关键的抗氧化酶，在维持昆虫体内氧化还原的动态平衡及保护昆虫免受氧化损伤方面起到重要的作用。本试验通过转录组测序方法获得一条粘虫过氧化物酶基因的cDNA序列，该序列命名为MsPOD（GenBank登录号：MH606240）。该序列全长2433 bp，开放阅读框长度为2061 bp，编码686个氨基酸组成的多肽，分子量约76.1 ku，等电点5.68，具有1个标志性的动物亚铁血红素过氧化物酶细胞粘附蛋白结构域。氨基酸序列比对表明，MsPOD的氨基酸序列与鳞翅目夜蛾科其他昆虫亲缘关系较近，其中与棉铃虫POD氨基酸序列同源性最高，达92%。基因表达水平研究发现，MsPOD基因在不同发育阶段和不同组织中差异表达，在蛹期和唾腺中表达量最高。温度梯度诱导后，MsPOD基因在不同时间点的表达量具有显著差异，经35℃下12 h处理后表达量最高。研究结果为进一步研究过氧化物酶在昆虫体内的保护性作用以及利用该基因进行分子设计来防治粘虫奠定理论基础。     

棉铃虫表皮蛋白基因的克隆、序列及表达分析

昆虫表皮蛋白能帮助昆虫抵御外界不良环境,在昆虫的生长发育中起重要作用。基于棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera（Hübner）转录组数据信息克隆获得表皮蛋白基因的cDNA序列,通过Real-time PCR探讨棉铃虫各龄期和组织表皮蛋白的相对表达量。在棉铃虫体内得到HACPFL67 cDNA开放阅读框（KP072002）612 bp,命名为HACPFL67,编码204个氨基酸,分子量约为20.892 kDa,等电点7.275,序列包含有表皮蛋白的保守序列,与鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫烟芽夜蛾Heliothis virescens和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura等亲缘关系较近,与烟芽夜蛾氨基酸序列相似性高达83%。棉铃虫HACPFL67在不同发育阶段和组织中表达存在很大差异,其中4龄幼虫在各个发育阶段表达最高。综上所述,棉铃虫HACPFL67相对表达量在不同组织和发育时期存在一定差异。     

丽蚜小蜂糖转运蛋白基因克隆及其诱导表达

丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌昆虫，补充糖分等营养可以延长丽蚜小蜂寿命及增加其产卵量，但对其糖转运相关蛋白基因及其糖诱导表达尚不清楚。本研究克隆获得丽蚜小蜂的糖转运蛋白EfST1基因，与其他寄生蜂的糖转运蛋白基因序列同源性达65%以上；进一步采用实时荧光定量qPCR技术检测发现，饲喂不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液均可显著提高EfST1基因的表达量，且饲喂不同时间段（2～48 h）后，丽蚜小蜂EfST1基因表达量均显著高于对照组，2 h和48 h处理组间差异不显著。综上，EfST1基因可能与糖分补充及其转运密切相关，该基因诱导表达受糖分浓度影响小。研究结果为进一步研究寄生蜂生物防治过程中补充营养及其转运机制奠定基础。     

昆虫性别决定机制研究进展及展望

昆虫在进化过程中发展出多种决定性别的调控机制。不仅不同昆虫通过不同的基因和调控机制决定性别分化，甚至在同种昆虫不同品系之间性别决定机制也不尽相同。了解昆虫性别决定分子调控机制，不仅有利于揭示昆虫性别的产生与进化，而且为昆虫的遗传操作提供理论和实践基础。本文综述了不同昆虫中的性别决定原始信号及其调控机制，介绍了昆虫性别决定底层基因doublesex和性别决定关键基因transformer、transformer-2的研究概况，以期为靶标昆虫性别决定的害虫不育防治技术提供理论支持。     

Detection of cyclodiene insecticide resistance-associated mutations by single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis

Cyclodiene insecticide resistance is associated with replacements of a single amino acid within the putative lining of a δ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride ion channel gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl). Only two resistance-associated amino acid replacements have been identified; alanine to serine in Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, Aedes aegypti, and Tribolium castaneum and alanine to glycine as a second allele in D. simulans. Here we report that single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of genomic DNA, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for exon 7 of the Rdl gene, can be used to genotype strains or individuals of all of these insects. This technique also appears simultaneously to distinguish between D. melanogaster and D. simulans, sibling species only reliably identifiable by examination of male genitalia. The relative advantages of this genotyping technique against other PCR-mediated techniques in monitoring for insecticide resistance are discussed.     

Bt菌株FB的生物学特性及其cry、vip基因型鉴定

菌株FB是1株对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫具有高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt）。本研究通过扫描电子显微镜、大质粒电泳、总蛋白SDS-PAGE及菌株生长特征观察的方式研究了菌株FB特征,克隆得到了基因cry1Ia、cry1Ea、cry1Ab、cry2Ab和vip3Aa全长,依据全基因组测序结果得到了1个cry8基因部分片段,首次在Bt菌株中同时发现基因cry1类和cry8类,这五种基因推导的氨基酸序列与已知基因序列相比,最高相似性分别为99%、98%、99%、100%、99%,而cry8半长基因与已知基因仅为63%。生测结果表明,蛋白Cry1Ia、Cry1Ea和Cry1Ab对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高杀虫活性。     

小菜蛾GluCl受体α亚基cDNA基因克隆和序列分析

利用RT-PCR和RACE技术对小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella(L.)]4龄幼虫谷氨酸门控的氯离子通道(GluCl)受体cDNA全长进行了克隆和序列分析。通过设计简并性上、下游引物扩增出小菜蛾GluCl受体α亚基基因192bp的cDNA片段,根据得到的片段序列设计3′和5′特异性引物采用RACE技术进行3′和5′末端的克隆,获得了小菜蛾GluCl受体的cDNA的完整序列,GenBank登录号为GQ221939。该基因全长2144bp,其开放阅读框(ORF)1344bp,编码447个氨基酸。相似性分析表明:它与果蝇和赤拟谷盗的相似性均为73%,与埃及伊蚊的相似性为75%,与东亚飞蝗的相似性为79%;氨基酸分析后显示它具有GluClα亚基的典型特征,表明克隆的cDNA序列是小菜蛾GluClα亚基基因的序列。     

Linkage of genes for sodium channel and cytochrome P450 (CYP6B10) in Heliothis virescens

Genetic linkage of hscp (heliothis sodium channel protein) and CYP6B10 was discovered in Heliothis virescens. The hscp gene encodes the sodium channel target of pyrethroid insecticides and cytochrome P450 genes encode important enzymes involved in detoxication of various pesticides. Previously, two mechanisms, nerve insensitivity due to sodium channel and synergism by propynyl aryl ethers, were observed in pyrethroid-resistant H virescens and were not separated by repeated back-crossing. We hypothesized genetic linkage of target site insensitivity and monooxygenase-mediated detoxication. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered in IIS6 of hscp; Hpy of hscp and CYP6B10. Segregation of these and other markers was tested in backcrosses. We observed cosegregation of hscp to CYP6B10, but both genes assorted independently of y, ye and sex. Genes y and ye assorted independently of each other. This was the first observation of linkage between genes controlling detoxication and sodium ion channel insensitivity in a species known to express high levels of pyrethroid resistance. Linkage was not likely because this species has 31 chromosomes; therefore, we will investigate the possibility of a resistance cassette. We expect similar linkage in other noctuid pests.     

The sodium channel gene in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval): identification and expression analysis of a mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance

BACKGROUND: The carmine spider mite (CSM), Tetranychus cinnabarinus, is the most harmful mite pest of various crops and vegetable plants. Pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin has been used to control insects and mites worldwide, but CSM has developed resistance to this compound. RESULTS: Three synergists together eliminated about 50% resistance against fenpropathrin in the CSM. A point mutation was identified from the sodium channel gene of fenpropathrin‐resistant CSM (FeR) by comparing cDNA sequences between FeR and susceptible (S) sodium channel genes, which caused a phenylalanine (F) to isoleucine (I) change at amino acid 1538 position in IIIS6 of the sodium channel and has been proven to confer strong resistance to pyrethroid in other species. The mRNA expression of the sodium channel gene in the FeR and abamectin‐resistant strain (AbR), which was included as a control, were both relatively lower than in the S. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that a mutation (F1538I) is present in the sodium channel gene in FeR of CSM, likely playing an important role in fenpropathrin resistance in T. cinnabarinus, but that decrease in the abundance of sodium channel did not confer this resistance. The F1538I mutation could be used as a molecular marker for detecting kdr resistance in Arachnida populations. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Turnip mosaic virus induces expression of the LRR II subfamily genes and regulates the salicylic acid signaling pathway in non-heading Chinese cabbage

In order to study the defense response to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino), we cloned the LRR II subfamily genes which comprises six members. They were high homologous to the function-known LRR II genes of Arabidopsis. We investigated their expression through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. TuMV infection induced the expression of these genes locally and systematically, and regulated the endogenous accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). Exogenous SA spraying was able to induce resistance to the susceptibility of the TuMV-infected plants, which might function via inhibiting the viral duplication. Though TuMV-induced SA accumulation was not the determinant in regulating gene expression, it mediated the reaction oxygen species (ROS) burst as a channel of defense.