Morphology and cytology of the promycelium and the basidiospore of Puccinia horiana

Teleutospores ofPuccinia horiana P. Henn. germinate soon after their formation. Promycelia germinating on microscope slides have a tendency to grow in length and become narrow in outline; when germinating in situ, developing promycelia are short and stout, and show a lobed apical cell. The promycelium is usually three-celled, but at times it is one- or two-celled.Two basidiospores are usually produced by each promycelium (observed range one to three). Basidiospores are uni- or binucleate at first, but later become multinucleate. They germinate rapidly on microscope slides and on host leaves, when sufficiently wet. Three different patterns of basidiospore germination were observed.Samenvatting Teleutosporen vanPuccinia horiana P. Henn. kiemen spoedig na hun vorming. Promycelia gekiemd op objectglaasjes zijn langer en smaller dan promycelia gekiemd in situ. Het promycelium is meestal driecellig, soms ook een- of tweecellig. Een promycelium produceert één tot drie, meestal twee basidiosporen. Deze zijn aanvankelijk een- of tweekernig, later meerkernig. Basidiosporen kiemen snel op natte objectglaasjes en bladeren. De basidiosporenkieming kan op drie onderling iets verschillende wijzen verlopen.     

氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合作用测定及混用配方筛选

按孙云沛法测定了氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合毒力作用,盆栽试验采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计筛选了两者混用的最佳配方。结果表明：氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混用具有增效作用;对禾本科杂草狗尾草1〖DK1〗∶5和1〖DK1〗∶7的配比具有增效作用;对阔叶杂草龙葵1〖DK1〗∶7配比的增效作用最大,1〖DK1〗∶10和1〖DK1〗∶17的配比也具有明显的增效作用。两者混用没有拮抗作用。并通过筛选得到了两者混用防除稗草和反枝苋的最佳配方。     

塔里木河中下游农户能流分析及生态经济分形特征

能流分析和分形理论是农业生态经济系统定性研究和定量分析的重要手段之一。把农户作为“分形元” ,以尉犁县兴平乡达西村 4 0个农户为研究对象 ,在绿洲农业生态系统能流分析基础上 ,对不同经营类型农户的生态经济特征进行分形研究 ,结果表明 :(1) 5类农户从总体上都显现生产经营结构单调 ,能量利用和转化链条短 ;牲畜养殖是唯一的次级生产系统 ,能量转化率低 ,增效不明显。 (2 )农田亚系统是农户生产力的主体 ,棉花生产现在和今后若干年内仍将是农户的支柱产业。 (3)基于农户分析的生态效益和经济效益之间没有相关关系 ;生态效益高 ,并不意味着经济效益也高 ,反之亦然。农户生产系统总体的生态经济协调发展水平不高。     

沙尘物质的来源与防治途径

本文分析了沙尘暴形成的自然过程和危害特征,并探讨了内蒙古沙源区土壤颗粒物质的含量,指出沙尘暴的沙尘来源主要是退化草原、活化的沙地和裸露坡耕地等。同时根据风沙流运移规律及其和土壤颗粒的关系,提出了防治沙尘暴的关键技术原理,并探讨了有效控制沙尘暴的技术途径。     

Absorption and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in the cockroach and the cotton-leafworm larvae

Permethrin was metabolised by attack at the ester bond, in vivo by adult cockroaches, Periplaneta americana and in vitro by esterase preparations. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage could not be detected. In all cases, the (1RS)-trans-isomer (transpermethrin) was more labile than the (1RS)-cis-isomer. Cypermethrin was metabolised at one-fifth the rate for permethrin. In-vitro and in-vivo studies with synergists indicated that cleavage of the ester bond in permethrin can be both oxidative for the (1RS)-cis-isomer and hydrolytic for the (1RS)-trans-isomer. The penetration of permethrin through the cuticle of the cockroach was significantly greater than that of cypermethrin. The penetration and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in sixth-instar larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of the Egyptian cotton-leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, were studied as possible factors in resistance. No significant differences were found. It is suggested that the major resistance factor to permethrin in S. littoralis is probably non-metabolic.     

和田河中下游生态环境特征及公路工程保护

和田河中下游具典型的人陆沙漠性气候特征。近40a来．该地区年降水量虽略有增长．年均沙尘暴和浮尘天数微弱下降,但河水年径流量总体呈减少趋势．和田河携带的人量泥沙成为绿色走廊的沙源。该区十壤质地粗、肥力低、盐碱化强;植被组成简单、结构单一,从河床向两侧具有一定的分带性。在风蚀、水蚀及流沙人侵较强烈的地段,植被多出现败相。所以,和田河中下游生态环境脆弱．公路建设是一种高强度的人类活动,为减少其对和田河中下游生态环境的影响,提出一些针对性保护措施?     

祁连山及河西走廊西段土壤和土地适宜性特征

以我国祁连山和河西走廊西段的土壤为研究对象 ,应用遥感资料以及野外实地调查取样的方法 ,将研究区的土壤母质划分为残积、坡积、洪积、冲积、红土、冰渍、湖积 7类 ;该区土壤的分布具有明显的垂直地带性和经向分布规律 ,土壤类型从祁连山区到酒泉盆地形成高山寒漠土、高山草甸土、亚高山草甸土、栗钙土、亚高山草原土、风沙土、棕漠土、潮土、灌漠土、盐土、沼泽土等 13个土类和 32个亚土类 ,并研究了不同土壤类型的空间分布规律及基本特征 ;结合该区土地利用的现状 ,提出了该区土地适宜性评价的原则和方法 ,将该区土地适宜性划分为宜农、宜林和宜牧 3种类型 ;对不同适宜性土地的等级及分布等特征进行了评价 ,并对该区土地资源特征以及存在的问题进行了探讨。     

孔雀河中下游河水化学性质变化规律及其影响分析

在干旱地区,节水与防止水资源污染同等重要,我们于2001年6月~2003年12月对孔雀河水质进行监测,每月15日取样观测一次。经过分析数据得出:河水符合生活用水标准和农田灌溉水标准占52.8%。通过对河水水质的年变化规律分析得出:引起孔雀河水盐分含量增高的主要因素为上游的排水、排盐,其次为河水源头“博斯腾湖”水盐分含量比较高。与其它内陆干旱河流相比,排水、排盐是引起河水盐分增加的共同点,而河水浓缩致使盐分含量增加在孔雀河中游表现不明显,河水源头盐分含量比较高为其特征,望在塔里木河治理中引起重视。     

Fish-toxicity problems of pesticides in Japan - the present situation and the policies of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

Abstract

A survey of termite damage to groundnuts and an estimation of loss in yield was made between 1977 and 1979 in northern Nigeria. The foliage was attacked by Odontotermes. Damage was restricted to the Sudan savanna and loss in yield was less than 5%. Much more important was the damage caused by Microtermes lepidus Sjöstedt which attacked the pods, the tap root and the haulms. There was a linear relationship between the percentage of stands with the tap root invaded by Microtermes and the loss in yield. Damage varied from year to year, but the higher yield losses (up to 40%) were consistently recorded in the Sudan savanna. There was a significant relationship between the level of Microtermes damage and rainfall, the latter having a marked influence on foraging behaviour and the level of foraging activity. The chemical control of termites is economically viable on mechanised farms in the Sudan savanna, but cannot be justified on peasant farms, where yields are too low.     

Chronic discoloration of leaf tips of gladiolus and its relation to the hydrogen fluoride content of the air and the fluorine content of the leaves

The gladiolus variety Snow Princess, which is very susceptible to HF, was used in field experiments to investigate the correlation between traces of HF occurring in the atmosphere and a gradually developing leaf tip injury such as occurs in some gladiolus varieties. The average HF-pollution in the atmosphere could be estimated by using filter papers soaked in lime water. The plants growing in atmospheres polluted with HF showed a gradual increase of leaf tip burn. Leaf tips 15 cm in length were analysed for their fluorine content A positive correlation was found between the average concentration of HF in the atmosphere, the length of leaf tip burn and the fluorine content of the leaf tips.Samenvatting Op verschillende plaatsen in Nederland kwam bij bepaalde tuple- en gladiolerassen een geelwitte verkleuring voor, die zich vanuit de bladpunt zeer langzaam uitbreidde. Dat deze rassen zeer gevoelig voor HF zijn, werd aangetoond door middel van kunstmatige begassingen, waarbij dezelfde verkleuringen ontstonden. Om na te gaan of zeer kleine hoeveelheden HF in de atmosfeer tot deze zich geleidelijk ontwikkelende bladbeschadiging aanleiding kunnen geven, werden in bovengenoemde gebieden en op plaatsen waar geen luchtverontreiniging voorkomt proefveldjes aangelegd en beplant met het gladioleras Sneeuwprinses. Van deze planten werd de lengte van de bladpuntbeschadiging tijdens het groeiseizoen verscheidene keren gemeten. Bovendien werden bladpunten van 15 cm lengte op fluorgehalte geanalyseerd. De bij de proefvelden opgestelde HF-meetapparaten leverden gegevens over de gemiddelde HF-gehalten van de lucht tijdens de teelt op.Uit dit onderzoek is gebleken dat in gebieden waar de zich zeer geleidelijk ontwikkelde bladverkleuring werd waargenomen, meer fluor in het blad en in de lucht werd gevonden dan op plaatsen waar dit zeer gevoelige gladioleras vrijwel niet beschadigd werd.

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Chronisch optredende verkleuring van bladtoppen bij gladiolen en het fluorwaterstofgehalte van lucht en fluorgehalte van blad

     

乌兰察布盟水资源合理利用与可持续发展

水资源是国民经济和社会发展的重要条件和制约因素之一。水利作为国民经济的基础产业, 具有战略意义。乌兰察布盟地处干旱半干旱地区, 水资源严重紧缺,水源问题不仅制约着社会经济的健康快速发展,而且影响着生态环境的平衡。本文对全盟水资源与经济社会发展的供需在进行预测分析的基础上, 提出搞好水利规划, 优先发展水利产业; 合理布局水利工程, 加快水利工程建设; 加强水资源的管理与保护; 建立以市场为导向, 综合效益为中心的水利经营管理机制, 推广节水技术, 合理利用水资源, 促进社会经济可持续发展的建议     

Microscopy and image analysis in the study of plant pathogens and the application of pesticides

Problems associated with the preparation of diseased plant material for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the uses of TEM to meet the specific needs of plant virologists are discussed. Methods of collecting spray droplets for analysis by an image-analysing computer method are described.     

烯唑醇对辣椒、番茄生长和叶绿素含量的影响

研究了烯唑醇的不同使用剂量对番茄和辣椒不同生育期生长的影响,结果表明:药剂浸种表现在抑制种子发芽;苗期叶面喷药后主要表现为抑制株高,植株叶面皱缩叶色浓绿;成株期叶面喷药后对番茄和辣椒无明显抑制作用,但有叶色差异。     

渭干河—库车河三角洲生态系统服务功能及敏感性分析

本研究利用渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲1989年、2001年和2007年的遥感影像数据,分析了1989～2007年间研究区生态系统服务功能价值变化和生态系统敏感性.结果发现:在整个研究期内,研究区生态系统服务总价值呈下降趋势,从1989年的115.49×108元,分别下降为2001年的106.83×108元和2007年的94.47×108元;在生态系统各单项服务功能价值中,各单项服务功能差异显著,生态服务功能总体呈下降趋势.18 a来,水源涵养功能缺失最为明显,服务价值减少了4.64×108元,而食物生产功能变化最小,其价值增长仅为0.60×108元;同时,通过各单项服务功能在各研究阶段的价值变化情况来看,食物生产功能的生态服务价值增幅明显,水源涵养功能价值下降显著,而娱乐文化功能的价值变化最小;通过对生态系统敏感性指数分析,发现各景观生态系统敏感性指数都小于1,说明研究区生态系统服务总价值对生态价值系数是不敏感的,缺乏弹性.     

蓟马信息素及在防治中的应用

蓟马是缨翅目昆虫的统称，虫体微小，多数为植食性，以锉吸式口器刺吸植物为害。蓟马繁殖力强，世代重叠严重，暴发频次高，是重要的农林害虫类群之一。蓟马为害行为和其信息素以及相关的嗅觉行为密切相关。本文分别从蓟马信息素的种类、触角的感受机制及信息素在防治中的应用等几个方面进行了综述，并对蓟马综合防治的应用前景进行了展望，以期在蓟马的综合防治中提供理论依据与指导。     

论口岸动植检基础设施建设的基本原则和要求

基础设施是口岸动植检工作的物质基础。本文分析了口岸动植检基础设施的基本内容,提出了加强口岸动植检基础设施建设的指导思想、建设原则和基本建设要求,并提出了加强口岸动植检基础设施建设的有关建议。     

小麦蚜虫不断猖獗原因及控制对策的探讨

简要介绍了我国不同历史阶段小麦蚜虫种群动态和发生危害的现状,重点分析了麦蚜不断猖獗发生的主要因素,探讨并提出了控制小麦蚜虫猖獗的对策和相应的防治措施。     

一次区域沙尘过程的垂直结构和传输路径分析

利用CALIPSO卫星的星载激光雷达资料,结合地面CE-318太阳光度计,分析了2015年3月31日～4月1日,我国西北地区的一次区域沙尘天气过程中的高空流场、沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布及输送气流轨迹.结果表明:这次过程中,粒径较大的沙尘颗粒大多出现在地面至3km之间,而相对较小的粒子则均匀分布4～ 8km范围.应用HYSPLIT模式和NAAPS全球气溶胶模式,结合地面实况资料,可以看出沙尘一部分向东北方向传输,最高达到8km,一部分在甘肃境内持续作用,造成当地的扬沙、浮尘天气.