旱地有限补充供水与覆盖保水效果研究

本文针对旱地作物长期受水分亏缺制约的问题，为了使有限降水资源得以高效利用，研究了几种作物需水关键期有限补充供水以及覆盖保水的效应，表明旱地有限供水的高效性和对提高经济效益的显著作用。提出了实现有限降水资源富集叠加高效利用建设旱区高产高效农田的技术途径。     

阴山北麓旱作区主要作物热能值及结构调整研究

阴山北麓农牧交错地带,气候干旱冷凉,种植结构单一,生产能力低而不稳。农业生产不仅要考虑作物综合生产能力,同时要考虑其水分消耗数量。作物的热能产值反映了其综合生产能力。文中采用能值研究方法,通过田间试验、实验室分析测试对该地区三年主要作物的热能产值、耗水量及其生物产量和经济效益进行了系统研究,结果表明,当地主要作物的热能值大小依次为:向日葵>玉米>马铃薯>草玉米>草谷子>草莜麦>油菜>莜麦>小麦>胡麻>箭筈碗豆>山黧豆。考虑到热能值、生物产量、经济效益和水分生产能力,该地区种植结构调整首先应考虑马铃薯的种植,其次是向日葵,然后是饲草和杂粮。优化作物布局,可以获得作物综合生产能力和环境资源保护的双赢,能够促进资源合理利用与农牧业的可持续发展。     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

小麦间作玉米农田耗水特性及产量变化对根系分隔的响应

通过田间试验,研究了小麦间作玉米塑料薄膜隔根(PW//C)、尼龙网隔根(NW//C)、不隔根(W//C)及单作玉米(C)和单作小麦(W)对土壤水分、棵间蒸发和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,根系分隔显著影响作物的耗水特性,从而显著影响作物产量及水分利用效率的提高。小麦收获前,W//C、NW//C和PW//C处理玉米带土壤水分含量均高于小麦带,分别提高2.38%、3.82%和6.13%;小麦收获后,NW//C和PW//C处理玉米带土壤水分含量却均低于小麦带,分别降低5.41%和16.07%,而W//C处理玉米带和小麦带间水分差异不显著。根系分隔显著增大了间作模式的作物棵间蒸发量,NW//C和PW//C较W//C处理分别显著提高6.71%和20.13%。以单作小麦、单作玉米加权平均为对照,W//C、NW//C和PW//C处理分别显著提高经济产量33.60%、26.93%和24.69%,增大耗水量-0.2%、1.02%和6.69%,显著提高水分利用效率34.93%、26.67%和17.80%。W//C处理较NW//C和PW//C处理分别提高经济产量5.25%和7.14%,降低耗水量1.21%和6.64%,提高水分利用效率6.52%和14.54%。     

不同覆膜方式对旱地玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对甘肃陇东旱作区年降水量少、季节分布不均,特别是玉米生产春旱严重等问题,以露地平播为对照(CK),研究了双垄面全膜覆盖沟播,双垄面半膜覆盖沟播,宽膜覆盖平播,窄膜覆盖平播,全地面覆盖平播,膜侧播种等6种覆膜种植方式对旱作玉米出苗率、干物质积累量、株高、叶面积指数、生育时期、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜双垄沟提高了玉米出苗率和出苗速度,提早成熟,整个生育期玉米株高、叶面积指数和干物质积累量始终大于其它处理,显著提高了产量和水分利用效率,是旱作区进一步挖掘降水潜力和高产田创建的有效途径。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

干旱对太行山山前平原雨养农田产量影响的模拟研究

以多时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）作为干旱指标，利用APSIM模型（农业生产系统模拟模型）模拟太行山山前平原雨养旱作农田冬小麦-夏玉米近30 a产量变化，分析干旱对作物产量的影响。结果显示：APSIM模型对模拟雨养条件下作物产量具有良好的适用性，玉米产量年际波动较大、变异系数为51.2%，易受降雨因素影响;小麦产量波动相对较为稳定，变异系数为26.4%。干旱指数与作物产量极显著相关（P<0.01），其中小麦产量与SPEI-3-Apr相关系数达0.79，玉米产量与SPEI-3-Sep相关系数达0.88，适宜干湿状态在0～2之间；所建立的回归方程分别可以解释61.8%的小麦产量变异和87.7%的玉米产量变异。研究表明，SPEI-3-Apr、SPEI-3-Sep可分别作为该地区雨养农田小麦、玉米产量的估计指标。     

作物几种光合酶与抗旱节水的关系研究进展

干旱胁迫是作物光合作用和生长的主要限制因子。利用较少的水分生产较多的光合干物质,是提高作物水分利用效率的关键。因此,深入研究光合酶的调控机制,利用基因工程改良光合酶基因的表达和活性,提高作物的光合效率,是实现高光效和高WUE相结合的重要途径。本文就水分胁迫下作物光合作用与抗旱节水的关系研究,以及光合固定CO2、蔗糖和淀粉代谢关键酶的生物学结构和功能的研究进展进行综述,以期为作物光能高效利用及抗旱节水研究提供有用信息。     

黄土塬区降水变化对冬小麦土壤耗水特性及水分利用效率的影响

采用人工遮雨棚和自流滴灌系统来实时人工干预降水,研究了黄土塬区不同降水条件即正常降水(CK)、降水减少1/3(R-1/3)和降水增加1/3(R+1/3)条件下,麦田0~4 m土壤水分变化、冬小麦耗水特性及WUE。结果表明:(1)降水变化改变了冬小麦对土壤水的利用和补给;降水减少,冬小麦对土壤水的利用增强,导致生育期和休闲期深层土壤含水量降低,且很难补充恢复;降水增加,冬小麦也会部分利用深层土壤水,土壤含水量在生育期呈降低趋势,在冬小麦收获后,土壤水得到补给,土壤含水量会逐渐恢复并高于前期土壤含水量。(2)冬小麦优先利用降水转化而来的土壤水,然后利用土壤前期储水;对于越冬~成熟期的总耗水量(ET)组成,R-1/3处理的冬小麦对降水和0~2 m土壤水分的利用增强,降水量(P)和0~20 m土壤贮水变化量(ΔW0-2 m)各自约占ET的40%;R+1/3处理P占ET的比例约是ΔW0~2 m的1倍多;CK处理P占ET的比例比ΔW0~2 m高15%左右;降水减少,降水占耗水量的比例降低,0~2 m土壤水占耗水量比例增加;降水增加,则有相反的结果。(3)降水减少,WUEbio(基于生物量的WUE)相对于CK处理降低了1.3%,但产量下降程度(7.1%)小于耗水下降程度(14.2%),WUEgrain(基于籽粒产量的WUE)反而增加;降水增加,相对于CK处理生物量减少5.3%而籽粒产量增加4.5%,但水分的消耗增加了11.4%,WUEbio和WUEgrain均降低。总之,降水变化改变了冬小麦对土壤水的利用、土壤水的补给、冬小麦的耗水组成以及生物量和产量的平衡,最终影响冬小麦WUE。     

氮肥类型对夏玉米及后作冬小麦产量与水、氮利用的影响

研究了华北平原夏玉米季施用不同类型氮肥对当季与后作冬小麦及周年产量与水、氮利用的影响,结果表明:(1)随施氮量增大,夏玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率(WUE)增大,氮肥利用率(NUE)降低。夏玉米WUE与NUE受到氮肥类型的影响,WUE以复合肥处理较大,NUE以包膜尿素和复合肥较高,且存在较明显的基因型差异,WUE以郑单958较大,NUE以农大108较大;(2)夏玉米季施氮使冬小麦氮生理效率降低,氮肥效率增大,并显著影响冬小麦产量和WUE,但因夏玉米季品种、氮肥类型与施氮量不同而表现有差异。夏玉米季氮肥后效明显,但氮肥类型间差异显著,一般以尿素处理及包膜尿素与复合肥高N处理较大;(3)夏玉米—冬小麦轮作制度下,两季总产量、总氮素累积量、总耗水量及水、氮利用效率明显受到夏玉米季氮肥类型与施氮量的影响,且受到夏玉米基因型的影响。     

不同水肥条件下春小麦耗水量和水分利用率

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤水分和施氮量条件下春小麦的耗水量和水分利用率等相关参数的变化情况。结果表明:春小麦耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均因土壤水分和施氮量的不同而变化。水分充足,春小麦耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;中度水分胁迫下,低氮处理的耗水量、生物产量及经济产量均最高,最适氮处理与CK处理接近;干旱条件,低氮与CK处理耗水量和产量接近,而最适氮处理则极显著降低。各生育时期的耗水量和日耗水量在不同生育时期存在差异,其中以灌浆期春小麦日均耗水量为最高。在不同土壤水分条件下,春小麦地上部分干重和籽粒的水分利用效率随施氮量的增加而增加,尤以水分充足条件下水分利用率随施氮量的增加最为显著。     

不同耕作措施下旱地春小麦田和豌豆田的蒸发蒸腾特性及产量效应

为探明土壤水对旱地作物产量形成的有效性,通过田间定位试验研究了不同耕作措施下旱地农田蒸发蒸腾特性及产量效应。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)能够增加作物生长期间总蒸散量(ET),麦-豆和豆-麦两种轮作序列下春小麦田和豌豆田的总蒸散量均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)>传统耕作(T)>免耕(NT)>传统耕作加秸秆覆盖(TS)。传统耕作土壤棵间蒸发量(E)均高于保护性耕作,春小麦田的土壤棵间蒸发量表现为TS>T>NT>NTS,棵间蒸发量占总蒸散量的比率(E/ET)依次为53.8%,48.8%,37.2%,34.9%;豌豆田棵间蒸发量表现为T>TS>NTS>NT,棵间蒸发量占总蒸散量的比率依次为44.1%,40.9%,35.1%,33.3%。蒸散量及腾发比与产量和WUE在其主要受影响的月份呈正相关关系,且产量与WUE随蒸散量与腾发比的增加而增加。     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

基于水足迹的民勤县农作物耗水当量与气候响应评估

在阐述水足迹、水资源压力指数的基础上,计算了1991—2013年民勤县8种主要农作物(玉米、小麦、棉花、葵花、苹果、瓜类、蔬菜)蓝水需水量、总耗水当量和单位作物耗水当量,研究了这些作物在23年内总耗水当量和单位耗水当量的时间序列变化规律,并对比三种经济技术耗水分离模型,分离出4种典型作物(小麦、玉米、棉花、瓜类)单位气候耗水当量,最后选择逐步回归分析法探讨了作物气候耗水当量与相关气候因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)民勤总耗水当量逐年增加,粮食作物总耗水当量变化最大,蔬菜、油料作物(葵花)次之,单位作物耗水当量在震荡中逐年递减;(2)HP滤波法为最优气候耗水当量分离模型,单位作物气候耗水当量趋势性不明显,序列期内震荡显著,且不同作物差异较大;(3)显著影响单位作物气候耗水当量的主要气候因子为5、6月份总降水量和7月份相对湿度,与生长期内气温要素相关性不强。可见,不同作物耗水变化的气候响应模式差异较大,整体受降水和温度的影响显著,但对全球气候变暖大趋势的响应机制尚不明确。     

柠条秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对玉米生长光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

以甘农118玉米为试验材料,于2013年和2014年在宁夏盐池进行了大田试验,设置单膜平作(single film mulching and flat planting,SFP)、双膜平作(double film mulching and flat planting,DFP)、柠条粉沟覆平作(Caragana intermedia powder ditch mulching and flat planting,CPDP)和裸地(Uncovered and flat planting,CK)4个处理,比较了其对旱地玉米生长、光合特性及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在降雨量较多和玉米生长末期,各处理玉米的株高、茎粗和叶面积间无显著差异(P0.05);在降雨量较少时,覆膜处理(SFP和DFP)各生长特性间显著高于CK和CPDP处理(P0.05),而CPDP和CK处理间则无显著差异(P0.05)。在玉米建植后的中后期,覆膜处理(SFP和DFP)光合速率和蒸腾速率高于CPDP和CK处理处理。总体看来,CPDP处理的水分利用效率(叶片水平和产量水平)均低于SFP和DFP处理。因此,不建议在研究区采取CPDP处理措施。     

施肥和降水年型对旱地玉米产量及水分利用的影响

在我国北方半湿润偏旱区的山西省寿阳旱农试验区,经过长达10a的定位试验结果表明,施肥可使水分利用效率明显提高,是不施肥处理的2.25倍;旱地玉米产量和水分利用效率,同时受生育期降水量和播前土壤贮水量两个因素的影响。干旱年份,玉米产量的提高更依赖于土壤水分、养分的协调供应,施肥的增产效果受到土壤水分亏缺的限制,合理施肥、培肥土壤、保蓄水分,可增强旱地玉米抵御干旱的能力;丰水年份和正常年份,肥料的增产作用得到充分发挥,丰水年份应注意蓄水保墒。     

Optimizing water and nitrogen inputs for winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau,China

Optimal use of water and fertilizers can enhance winter wheat yield and increase the efficiencies of water and fertilizer usage in dryland agricultural systems.In order to optimize water and nitrogen(N)management for winter wheat,we conducted field experiments from 2006 to 2008 at the Changwu Agro-ecological Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Loess Plateau,China.Regression models of wheat yield and evapotranspiration(ET)were established in this study to evaluate the water and fertilizer coupling effects and to determine the optimal coupling domain.The results showed that there was a positive effect of water and N fertilizer on crop yield,and optimal irrigation and N inputs can significantly increase the yield of winter wheat.In the drought year(2006–2007),the maximum yield(Ymax)of winter wheat was 9.211 t/hm2for the treatment with 324 mm irrigation and 310 kg/hm2N input,and the highest water use efficiency(WUE)of 16.335 kg/(hm2 mm)was achieved with198 mm irrigation and 274 kg/hm2N input.While in the normal year(2007–2008),the maximum winter wheat yield of 10.715 t/hm2was achieved by applying 318 mm irrigation and 291 kg/hm2N,and the highest WUE was 18.69kg/(hm2 mm)with 107 mm irrigation and 256 kg/hm2N input.Crop yield and ET response to irrigation and N inputs followed a quadratic and a line function,respectively.The optimal coupling domain was determined using the elasticity index(EI)and its expression in the water-N dimensions,and was represented by an ellipse,such that the global maximum WUE(WUEmax)and Ymax values corresponded to the left and right end points of the long axis,respectively.Considering the aim to get the greatest profit in practice,the optimal coupling domain was represented by the lower half of the ellipse,with the Ymax and WUEmax on the two end points of the long axis.Overall,we found that the total amount of irrigation for winter wheat should not exceed 324 mm.In addition,our optimal coupling domain visually reflects the optimal range of water and N inputs for the maximum winter wheat yield on the Loess Plateau,and it may also provide a useful reference for identifying appropriate water and N inputs in agricultural applications.     

冬小麦分蘖期复水对根、冠生长及其相互关系的影响

以冬小麦品种北农6号为材料,通过温室管栽试验,研究了苗期中度和童度缺水条件下分蘖期复水对冬小麦株高、叶面积、根、冠干物质积累、叶面积比、根冠比、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率等指标的影响.结果表明,苗期受旱程度不同的冬小麦分蘖期恢复供水后,其株高、单株叶面积、生物量及产量等都超过中度和重度缺水对照,表现出明显的激发生长效应.同时,各复水处理与对照相比,分配到冠部的干物质比饲均增加,R/S下降.在不同土壤水分条件下,冬小麦的水分利用效率随耗水量的增加而降低,中度水分亏块后分蘖期充分供水的处理,可以在少减产的情况下节约大量用水,从而达到提高水分利用效率的目的.     

内蒙古河套灌区春小麦高效用水灌溉制度研究

本文以2006年内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠试验站—春小麦的灌溉试验资料,应用FAO-56双作物系数法计算了不同试验处理的春小麦的实际需水量,研究了需水量与产量,与水分利用效率的关系,并用水分利用效率最大为原则确定了春小麦各种处理的高效用水灌溉制度。     

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau,China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity(WP). In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting(ARH) techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year(2013–2015) field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling(108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.), Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching(same for summer maize and winter wheat) on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges(M1), a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M2), a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M3), a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M4), and a control with no mulch(CK). Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity(PP), with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield(maize and wheat yields combined) and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.