Spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation in Jungar Banner of China during 2000-2017

It is known that the exploitation of opencast coal mines has seriously damaged the environments in the semi-arid areas. Vegetation status can reliably reflect the ecological degeneration and restoration in the opencast mining areas in the semi-arid areas. Long-time series MODIS NDVI data are widely used to simulate the vegetation cover to reflect the disturbance and restoration of local ecosystems. In this study, both qualitative (linear regression method and coefficient of variation (CoV)) and quantitative (spatial buffer analysis, and change amplitude and the rate of change in the average NDVI) analyses were conducted to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation during 2000-2017 in Jungar Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, at the large (Jungar Banner and three mine groups) and small (three types of functional areas: opencast coal mining excavation areas, reclamation areas and natural areas) scales. The results show that the rates of change in the average NDVI in the reclamation areas (20%-60%) and opencast coal mining excavation areas (10%-20%) were considerably higher than that in the natural areas (<7%). The vegetation in the reclamation areas experienced a trend of increase (3-5 a after reclamation)-decrease (the sixth year of reclamation)-stability. The vegetation in Jungar Banner has a spatial heterogeneity under the influences of mining and reclamation activities. The ratio of vegetation improvement area to vegetation degradation area in the west, southwest and east mine groups during 2000-2017 was 8:1, 20:1 and 33:1, respectively. The regions with the high CoV of NDVI above 0.45 were mainly distributed around the opencast coal mining excavation areas, and the regions with the CoV of NDVI above 0.25 were mostly located in areas with low (28.8%) and medium-low (10.2%) vegetation cover. The average disturbance distances of mining activities on vegetation in the three mine groups (west, southwest and east) were 800, 800 and 1000 m, respectively. The greater the scale of mining, the farther the disturbance distances of mining activities on vegetation. We conclude that vegetation reclamation will certainly compensate for the negative impacts of opencast coal mining activities on vegetation. Sufficient attention should be paid to the proportional allocation of plant species (herbs and shrubs) in the reclamation areas, and the restored vegetation in these areas needs to be protected for more than 6 a. Then, as the repair time increased, the vegetation condition of the reclamation areas would exceed that of the natural areas.     

基于空间信息技术的煤矿区景观特征及其动态变化研究——以潞安常村矿为例

在RS和GIS支持下,以1993年、2000年和2004年TM影像为数据源,利用斑块数、斑块面积、最大斑块指数、平均分维数、周长面积比均值、香农多样性指数等景观特征指标,从多个层面对常村矿的区域景观特征及其动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:采煤是造成煤矿区景观变化的主要因素之一。煤矿区的景观格局一般是随着煤矿的开采,地表逐渐沉陷,平坦农田转化为坡耕地,沉陷农田形状变得不规则。因此,对于煤矿区来说,应采取适当的生态环境政策,来规划、设计和建设煤矿区的景观生态环境。     

Vegetation dynamics of coal mining city in an arid desert region of Northwest China from 2000 to 2019

Coal mining has led to serious ecological damages in arid desert region of Northwest China. However, effects of climatic factor and mining activity on vegetation dynamics and plant diversity in this region remain unknown. Wuhai City located in the arid desert region of Northwest China is an industrial city and dominated by coal mining. Based on Landsat data and field investigation in Wuhai City, we analyzed the vegetation dynamics and the relationships with climate factors, coal mining activity and ecological restoration projects from 2000 to 2019. Results showed that vegetation in Wuhai City mostly consisted of desert plants, such as Caragana microphylla, Tetraena mongolica and Achnatherum splendens. And the vegetation fractional coverage(VFC) and greenness rate of change(GRC) showed that vegetation was slightly improved during the study period. Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was positively correlated with annual mean precipitation, relative humidity and annual mean temperature, indicating that these climate factors might play important roles in the improved vegetation. Vegetation coverage and plant diversity around the coal mining area were reduced by coal mining, while the implementation of ecological restoration projects improved the vegetation coverage and plant diversity. Our results suggested that vegetation in the arid desert region was mainly affected by climate factors, and the implementation of ecological restoration projects could mitigate the impacts of coal mining on vegetation and ecological environment.     

神东矿区水资源可持续利用问题研究

神东矿区是我国目前最大的原煤生产基地,地处我国西北内陆干旱沙漠区,水资源短缺现象十分严重。由于煤炭开采造成潜水位下降、部分水资源流失和污染,加上生活用水和生态建设用水量的增加,近几年缺水现象更为突出。水资源供需趋势恶化严重影响着矿区生产生活和生态安全,进而阻碍煤炭基地的持续发展。通过对矿区供水能力和未来用水量的测算,提出改善矿区用水结构、完善水资源管理、治理、保护、节约等制度,重视保水治水技术的引进与矿井水资源化的建议,并提议重点应放在源头控制和事后治理,整治恢复矿区生态环境方面。     

基于3S的农牧交错区耕地动态变化研究——以内蒙古奈曼旗为例

本文利用3S技术,通过对1975、1985、1995和2005年的内蒙古奈曼旗TM影像的解译,提取出近30年来该地区耕地动态变化的信息。从耕地数量、变化速率以及耕地空间格局动态变化等方面对耕地的动态变化进行了全面的分析,并对其驱动机制进行了探讨。研究表明:近30年来,奈曼旗耕地面积呈增加趋势,而变化速度呈下降趋势;耕地主要向林地和固定沙丘地转化;耕地连通性指数、破碎度指数的变化呈波动趋势;耕地斑块数量的变化趋势与破碎度指数相同;耕地的分形维数随着人为干扰程度的增加呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。耕地在整个景观中的影响作用逐渐加强。耕地动态变化的主要驱动因素是耕地需求增加与土地退化之间的矛盾。     

Glacier variations and their response to climate change in an arid inland river basin of Northwest China

Glaciers are a critical freshwater resource of river recharge in arid areas around the world. In recent decades, glaciers have shown evidence of retreat due to climate change, and the accelerated ablation of glaciers and associated impacts on water resources have received widespread attention. Glacier variations result from climate change, so they can serve as an indicator of climate change. Considering the climatic differences in different elevation ranges, it is worthwhile to explore whether different responses exist between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone. In this study, we selected a typical arid inland river basin(Sugan Lake Basin) in the western Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to analyze the glacier variations and their response to climate change. The glacier area data from 1989 to 2016 were delineated using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM), Enhanced TM+(ETM+) and Operational Land Imager(OLI) images. We compared the relationships between glacier area and air temperature at seven meteorological stations in the glacier-covered areas and in the Sugan Lake Basin, and further analyzed the relationship between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in the elevation range of 4700–5500 m a.s.l. by the linear regression method and correlation analysis. In addition, based on the linear regression relationship established between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone, we predicted glacier areas under future climate scenarios during the periods of 2046–2065 and 2081–2100. The results indicate that the glaciers experienced a remarkable shrinkage from 1989 to 2016 with a shrinkage rate of –1.61 km2/a(–0.5%/a), and the rising temperature is the decisive factor dominating glacial retreat; there is a significant negative linear correlation between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in each elevation zone from 1989 to 2016. The variations in glaciers are far less sensitive to changes in precipitation than to changes in air temperature. Due to the influence of climate and topographic conditions, the distribution of glacier area and the rate of glacier ablation first increased and then decreased in different elevation zones. The trend in glacier shrinkage will continue because air temperature will continue to increase in the future, and the result of glacier retreat in each elevation zone will be slightly slower than that in the entire study area. Quantitative glacier research can more accurately reflect the response of glacier variations to climate change, and the regression relationship can be used to predict the areas of glaciers under future climate scenarios. These conclusions can offer effective references for assessing glacier variations and their response to climate change in arid inland river basins in Northwest China as well as other similar regions in the world.     

Transformation among precipitation,surface water,groundwater, and mine water in the Hailiutu River Basin under mining activity

Coal mining has changed the hydrogeological conditions of river basins, and studying how the relationship among different types of water body has changed under the influence of coal mining is of great significance for understanding the regional hydrological cycle. We analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties and environmental isotopes in the Hailiutu River Basin (HRB), China with a mixed model. The results showed that: (1) human activity (e.g., coal mining and agricultural production) causes considerable changes in the hydrochemical properties of surface water in and around the mining areas, and leads to significant increases in the concentrations of Na⁺ and SO2- 4; (2) precipitation is the main source of water vapour in the HRB. The transformation between surface water and groundwater in the natural watershed is mainly affected by precipitation; and (3) in the mining areas, the average contribution rates of precipitation to the recharge of surface water and groundwater increased by 2.6%-7.9% and 2.7%-9.9%, respectively. Groundwater in the Salawusu Formation constitutes up to 61.3%-72.4% of mine water. Overall, this study is beneficial for quantifying the effects of coal mining on local hydrological cycles. The research results can provide a reference for local water resources management and ecological environment improvement.     

基于CVM的榆林煤炭矿区生态环境破坏价值损失研究——以神木县、府谷县和榆阳区为调研区域

以榆林市神木县、府谷县和榆阳区为调研区域,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)对榆林煤炭矿区资源开发所造成的生态环境价值损失进行了研究,发现:榆林煤炭矿区居民为改善当地生态环境每户每年平均的支付意愿(WTP)介于229.56～347.92元之间,影响当地居民支付意愿的关键因素是家庭人均年收入、受教育程度、年龄以及职业状况;榆林煤炭矿区每年因煤炭开发而造成的生态环境破坏价值损失大约在10059.98万～15246.85万元之间;生态恢复期内,榆林煤炭矿区因煤炭开发造成的生态环境破坏的价值损失大约在208231.56万～315594.60万元之间。     

晋西北矿区、非矿区不同植被下土壤水分特征

晋西北地区是黄土高原及北方农牧交错带的重要组成部分,一方面,短缺的水资源本身难以保证矿业开发的大规模用水需求;另一方面,部分地区的含水层又因地下开采而遭受严重破损和污染,两者矛盾十分尖锐。为确定晋西北地区土壤干层深度,了解不同植被土壤的水分差异,评价采矿对土壤水分含量的影响,对矿区、非矿区3种植物种类0~600 cm土壤深度的水分含量变化进行研究。结果表明,矿区、非矿区土壤含水量为：柠条>小叶杨>沙棘;土壤干层深度为：小叶杨>沙棘>柠条;不同采样地点的平均土壤含水量为：矿区<非矿区;土壤含水量与采样地点、土壤深度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与植物种类呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。     

气候变化和人类活动对蒙古高原植被覆盖变化的影响

基于全球监测与模型研究组（GIMMS）归一化植被指数(NDVI),对蒙古高原地区1981-2006年植被覆盖的时空变化进行了研究,并从气候变化和人类活动的角度,分析了植被覆盖变化的原因。1981-2006年蒙古高原的植被覆盖时空分布具有明显的地带性特征,森林区及荒漠区植被覆盖呈现小幅下降趋势,草原区呈现上升趋势,蒙古高原NDVI分布从东北向西南、从高原南北边缘地带向中心地带呈明显的规律性变化：高原东北部的大兴安岭地区NDVI最高,蒙古国北部的杭爱山脉次之,西南部荒漠区的NDVI最低。研究表明: 植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,蒙古高原地区的降水变化是植被覆盖变化的重要原因,森林砍伐、河套耕作及城镇化等人类活动则是导致具有相似气候条件的内蒙古与蒙古国植被覆盖变化区域差异的原因。     

1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰川波动对气候变化的响应

通过遥感图像处理技术和目视解译方法提取1973-2010年位于昆仑山中段的布喀塔格峰冰川界限,用GIS分析近37a冰川面积变化,并系统地研究其对气候变化的响应情况。结果表明:1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰帽表现先扩大(1973-1976年)后退缩(1976-2010年)趋势,总面积缩小了5.42%,每年退缩0.14%。分析1960-2010年研究区的气候变化特征,发现布喀塔格峰冰帽退缩的关键因素是气候变暖,年降水量的增加不能够抵消由夏季温度剧烈上升导致的冰川消融率,并且地形条件、地理位置以及冰川规模都是影响冰川波动的重要因素。     

干旱半干旱地区采煤塌陷对沙质土壤水分特性的影响

随着西部大开发政策的实施,在干旱、半干旱地区的大规模煤炭开采活动对环境造成的影响已日渐凸现,成为亟待解决的问题。本项研究以神府—东胜煤田的补连塔矿区为研究对象,针对采煤造成的地表塌陷是否对土壤水分特性产生影响进行了研究,结果显示:研究区土壤含水量在6、7月份相对较低,在3%左右;这一时期降雨量相对较少,大气蒸发力强,又处于植物生长旺盛季节,所以土壤水分的变化对植物生长影响极为显著。对土壤容重影响较大的因子是坡面坡度及土壤层次,采煤造成土体塌陷对土壤容重影响较小。塌陷区的土壤含水量一般小于非塌陷区。这主要是因为塌陷后产生的裂缝增大了土壤蒸发面积,进一步降低了土壤水分。     

沙棘与不同类型植被配置下土壤微生物、养分特征及相关性研究

为探讨黄土高原区露天煤矿沙棘混合配置下土壤生化特性及其与土壤肥力的关系,本文以准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿人工复垦区为例,对沙棘灌丛、沙棘+3种不同类型植被配置及对照区的土壤微生物及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明:不同植被配置下土壤微生物数量均表现出差异性.土壤养分含量大致顺序为:沙棘+羊草>沙棘>杨树+柳树+沙棘>杨+沙棘;土壤微生物数量、土壤养分含量之间某些因子呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

榆林地区植被指数动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

榆林地区是中国典型生态脆弱区,植被生态系统对气候变化和人类活动影响较为敏感。以榆林地区2000—2015年MODIS NDVI为基础,结合气温、降水数据,利用线性趋势法、相关系数、偏相关系数及缓冲区方法,分析了区域NDVI(归一化差异植被指数)动态变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应,结果表明:(1)榆林地区总体上NDVI较小,植被覆盖水平较低。2000—2015年NDVI以每年0.009 6的线性速率递增,空间上主要表现出线性增加趋势,占总面积的97.06%,减少趋势面积较小且主要与人类活动有关,分布在区域西南部山区、城镇附近及中、东部的河流谷地。(2)相关分析表明,榆林地区NDVI与气温以负相关为主,而与降水以正相关为主,反映出干旱、半干旱地区水分是植物生长的主导因子。(3)NDVI变化过程反映出人类活动范围中,市级行政中心缓冲区人类活动强度高于县级行政中心缓冲区。市级行政中心缓冲区范围可划分为5 km以内受人类活动剧烈影响区域、5~9km受人类活动影响递减区域和9 km以外未受人类活动影响区域。     

基于集对分析的矿区生态承载力定量评价

据矿区复合生态系统特点,采用主成分分析法和独立性分析法筛选指标,建立矿区生态承载力评价指标体系,并合理确定了评价等级标准。以民勤县红沙岗矿区为例,采用集对分析法进行矿区生态承载力评价,由平均联系度最大隶属原则确定生态承载力所处的级别。应用结果表明:由于红沙岗矿区所处区域环境背景特点和煤矿开采引起的一系列生态问题,生态承载力处于弱稳定、中等承载、较高压状态。通过对评价结果分析,指出了提高矿区生态承载力的发展对策,可供相关部门进行矿区生态恢复和制定适宜的发展战略借鉴和参考。     

基于遥感影像的县域冬小麦种植信息提取

冬小麦是陕西省关中地区重要的粮食作物。本研究以陕西省武功县为例,使用Landsat8 OLI影像作为数据源,综合使用NDVI阈值分割和决策树分类技术提取了武功县2017年冬小麦种植区域,并对各乡镇冬小麦种植面积和空间分布信息进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）在本研究区,冬小麦越冬期结合油菜开花期是利用遥感影像提取冬小麦种植信息的最佳时期组合;（2）运用NDVI阈值分割法结合决策树分类从OLI影像提取冬小麦种植面积的精度达到93%以上;（3）武功县2017年冬小麦种植面积为21 181.97 hm²,下辖各乡镇中长宁和贞元两镇冬小麦种植面积较大,分别占总面积的24%和19%;在县域尺度上,使用遥感技术提取的冬小麦种植面积和空间分布信息是准确可靠的。     

脆弱生态环境对干旱区采矿的响应与对策——以毛乌素沙漠边缘矿区为例

毛乌素沙漠边缘属干旱半干旱区 ,当地矿区生态环境十分脆弱 ,对人类采矿活动响应十分敏感。本文以该区典型代表区大柳塔试验区为例 ,通过野外对比性试验 ,从水分量和水势能的动态变化揭示脆弱生态环境与采矿塌陷作用之间的响应机制 ,并以其为依据 ,提出防治生态环境进一步恶化的对策和建议。     

克里雅绿洲浅层地下水与土壤特征的局部空间关系

通过优选的空间插值方法、网格单元法、地理加权回归(GWR)与最小二乘法(OLS)等方法的综合运用,系统研究典型干旱区绿洲的浅层地下水特征(埋深、电导率)与表层土壤特征(含水率、电导率)的空间分异与局部空间关系。结果表明:空间拟合方法上,表层土壤电导率与含水率的空间关系回归适用OLS模型,其余指标间空间关系采用GWR模型更优;空间关系上,土壤电导率与含水率的全局相关系数为极显著的0.85,局部相关性上绿洲西部明显高于东部;土壤电导率与地下水电导率的全局相关系数极显著(R=0.602),但局部相关性上同时具有正相关与负相关特征;土壤含水率与埋深、地下水电导率与埋深均呈全局负相关,但在局部出现正相关;地下水埋深由绿洲西北至东南逐渐增加,地下水电导率由西南至东北依次呈现低—高—低的特征,表层土壤电导率与含水率由西至东均呈现低—高—低—次高的特征; GWR较OLS方法能够反映更多的空间异质特征,通常在总体相关水平下,局部可能出现相关性相反或大小不同的相关性。     

城市化对生态系统服务功能影响的实证研究——以西安市南郊为例

城市化空间格局控制着生态系统的动态过程。以西安市南郊为样区,应用GIS和RS技术方法,通过对城市化格局与生态系统服务功能空间格局及其相互关系的分析,实证研究了城市化对生态系统服务功能的影响。得出：①西安市南郊城市化水平具有明显的圈层空间格局,即离城市建成区越远,城市化水平越低;②生态系统服务功能离城市核心区越远,生态服...     

内蒙古阿拉善腰坝绿洲地下水水化学特征

绿洲是荒漠区适宜多种生物共同生息繁衍的地域。在全球气候变化和高强度人类活动的影响下,干旱区绿洲赖以生存的地下水环境日益恶化,已成为制约生态环境建设和经济社会发展的重要因素。选取具有典型代表意义的内蒙古阿拉善盟腰坝绿洲为研究区,对地下水进行取样分析,全面系统地研究地下水水化学成分的空间变化特征,研究结果表明:绿洲地下水水化学类型和TDS自东向西,自北向南具有典型的水平分带性分异规律,季节性变化差异大,水动力条件逐渐变差,C l-、Mg2+、Na+离子等高盐分离子逐渐富集,易溶盐逐渐累积,水体总体向咸化方向发展。