基于响应面法优化莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812的液相发酵条件

为提高莱氏绿僵菌菌株SZCY200812液相发酵时孢子萌发率和生物量，为固相发酵产孢提供高质发酵液，本研究采用单因素及Box-Behnken试验设计结合的方法对该菌液相发酵过程中培养液种类、装液量、pH、摇床转速及培养温度等条件进行优化，确定最佳的液相发酵培养条件。结果表明，通过单因素试验初步确定利用SDY培养液、装液量100/250mL、pH7、摇床转速180r/min及温度25℃，第120h每10mL液态发酵生物产量为0.8433g。通过响应面法建立了莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812液体发酵培养菌丝生物量与自变量回归模型，根据模型所得结果得出装液量为100.82/250mL，摇床转速178.85r/min，温度24.80℃，pH6.73条件下为理论最佳液态发酵培养条件。为便于生产，得出该菌株SZCY200812在SDY培养液中最佳的培养条件为：装液量101/250mL、pH6.7、摇床转速179r/min以及温度25℃，第120h每10mL液相发酵生物产量达0.8637g。综合以上结果，影响莱氏绿僵菌SZCY200812液相发酵的因素由强至弱依次为pH（D）、温度（C）、摇床转速（B）和装液量（A）。     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B培养特性及杀虫活性研究

对一株昆虫病原线虫共生菌5-5B菌株的发酵条件进行的研究结果表明,最适温度为28℃,最适起始pH7.3～7.8,最佳振荡频率160r/min,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml,接菌量为4%。5-5B菌株发酵液对小菜蛾初孵幼虫的杀虫活性研究表明,250ml三角瓶内装液40ml时,校正死亡率为62.78%;接菌量4%时,校正死亡率63.84%;起始pH7.3时,校正死亡率65.49%。     

除草活性细菌SY9的筛选与发酵条件研究

从沈阳玉米田土壤中分离筛选出一株细菌SY9,其代谢产物对反枝苋种子萌发具有明显抑制活性,抑制率达85%.研究发现该菌最佳摇瓶发酵培养基为NYBD,最佳培养基配方为牛肉膏15g,蔗糖10g;最佳发酵培养条件为接菌量1%、起始pH值6.5、装液量40 ml/250ml、发酵温度28℃、摇瓶培养72 h.     

吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌JK-SH007的发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的防治效果

本文研究了拮抗细菌吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia pyrrocinia菌株JK-SH007产抗菌物质的最佳发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的野外防治效果。结果表明,牛肉膏、蛋白胨是发酵培养基中最佳营养物质,有利于菌株JK-SH007抗菌物质的产生;培养基初始pH、培养时间、温度、培养体积、不同牛肉膏、蛋白胨组合等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的产生有明显的影响,初始pH7、牛肉膏2g、蛋白胨20g、以1/2装液量装液、30℃振荡培养36h可获得较高产量的胞外分泌型抗菌物质;菌株JK-SH007的发酵液对杨树溃疡病的野外防效可达40.54%。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌MH71摇瓶发酵培养基及发酵条件优化

从黑龙江省漠河多年永冻土层采集的冻土样品中分离的拮抗菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MH71,对多种植物病原真菌和细菌具有较强的拮抗作用.本研究主要以无菌滤液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性为检测指标,采用单因素试验筛选菌株MH71的最佳产抗菌物质培养基及最佳碳源、氮源和无机盐,运用Minitab软件,通过Box-Benhnken试验及响应面分析相结合的方法对该菌株产抗菌物质的发酵培养基配方和摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化.结果表明,菌株MH71产抗菌物质最佳培养基组成为玉米粉36.6 g/L、牛肉膏3.2 g/L、NaC1 1.33 g/L、葡萄糖14 g/L、蛋白胨7 g/L、MgSO4 0.4 g/L、K2HPO4 0.8 g/L、GaGO3 8 g/L.最适发酵条件为培养温度30℃、摇床转速200 r/min、发酵起始pH 7.0、接种量3％、装液量100 mL/500 mL、发酵时间为72 h.在最佳培养基和培养条件下,菌株MH71的活菌数达到了2.1×109 CFU/mL,芽孢数为1.2×109 CFU/mL,同时对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌能力较优化前提高了37.4％.     

葡萄霜霉病菌拮抗放线菌PY-1发酵条件优化

为探讨暗黑链霉菌Streptomyces atratus PY-1液体摇瓶发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以菌体生物量和发酵液抑制葡萄霜霉病菌Plasmopara viticola活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交试验对菌株PY-1的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株PY-1最适发酵培养基为玉米粉50 g/L、葡萄糖5 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、氯化铵5 g/L、氯化钠 0.5 g/L;最佳发酵培养条件为培养温度28 ℃、培养时间5 d、初始pH 7.0、250 mL三角瓶装液量90 mL、接种量体积分数5%、摇床转速180 r/min。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株PY-1发酵液抑菌率达到99.26%,抑菌能力提高8.35%。     

极长链霉菌SL01菌株抑菌活性物质的发酵条件优化和稳定性研究

为了获得极长链霉菌Streptomyces longissimus SL01菌株发酵的最佳培养基配方和发酵条件,采用单因素和正交试验法对SL01菌株的发酵液配方进行了优化,采用离体枝条和果实病斑抑制试验检测了其配方优化效果,并测定了SL01抑菌活性物质对温度、酸碱度和紫外光照射的稳定性。最终获得最佳发酵液的配方（质量分数）为:小米粉2%、酵母粉1%和MgSO4·7H2O 0.15%。以在28℃、初始pH 7.0、接种量2%、装液量50 mL/250 mL和转速180 r/min的条件下培养7 d得到的发酵液抑菌活性最强。采用优化的培养基配方发酵所得的SL01发酵液对苹果枝条和果实上的苹果树腐烂病的防效,分别比对照提高了39.86%和10.15%。所得发酵液在低于40℃、pH在6~10或紫外光照射12 h时,抑菌活性仍较为稳定。研究表明,通过培养基优化,可以显著提高SL01发酵产物的抑菌活性。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HF—01发酵条件优化

为探讨解淀粉芽孢杆菌BacillusamyloliqruefaciensHF-01菌株液体发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以茵体生物量和发酵液拮抗柑桔绿霉病菌PenicilliumdigitatumSacc．活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交设计方法对菌株的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株HF-01最适发酵培养基为葡萄糖3．0％、酵母提取粉0．5％、氯化钠0_3％、硫酸镁0．1％;最佳发酵培养条件为初始pH值6．0～6．5、培养温度28℃、培养时间48h、250mL三角瓶装液量90mL、接种量体积分数6％、摇床转速130r·min-1。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株HF-01抑菌能力提高37．3％;25℃条件下,优化后所得发酵滤液处理柑橘果实4d后,发病率为31．7％,病斑直径为25．9mm,显著低于优化前所得发酵滤液的发病率56．7％和病斑直径48．1mm。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌DP03-4发酵条件研究

前期在苹果心室拮抗菌中筛选出一株解淀粉芽胞杆菌DP03-4,该菌株在平板试验中对多种苹果病原菌表现明显拮抗作用,田间也表现较好的防治效果。本试验以菌体生长量和抑菌圈大小为指标,应用多因素正交试验和发酵条件单因素筛选对该菌株的培养基成分配比及培养条件进行优化。得到最适培养基配方为酵母浸粉 15 g,NaCl 2.5 g,葡萄糖10 g,H₂O 1000 mL;最适的培养条件为温度30℃~35℃,摇瓶装液量75 mL/250 mL,摇床转速210 r/min,初始pH值6,接种量4%。发酵条件优化后的发酵液较优化前LB发酵液菌体量提高43.7%,抑菌活性提高51.4%。为该菌株的进一步开发利用提供了基础数据。     

小串链霉菌XG40菌株发酵条件优化及其次生代谢产物性质研究

为进一步提高小串链霉菌Streptomyces catenulae XG40对琯溪蜜柚黑斑病的生防效果，通过碳、氮源单因子试验、正交试验和发酵条件优化，以菌浓度和抑菌带宽为指标确定其最佳发酵培养基配方和发酵条件。进一步用乙酸乙酯提取菌株XG40发酵液中的活性物质并测定其理化性质。结果表明，菌株XG40最佳发酵培养基配方为玉米粉50 g/L，黄豆粉9 g/L，酵母粉6 g/L，NaCl 0.5 g/L，K₂HPO₄ 0.5 g/L，MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.5 g/L，FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.01 g/L；最佳发酵条件为初始pH 7.0，温度28 ℃，装液量100 mL/500 mL，接种量7%，转速160 r/min，发酵时间6 d。菌株XG40发酵液的活性物质对蜜柚黑斑病菌菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用，该活性物质较耐酸碱和短时间（180 min）紫外线照射，耐贮性高，但高温对其抗菌活性有一定的影响。小串链霉菌XG40可为开发针对蜜柚黑斑病的生物农药提供新的原材料，其活性物质抑菌效果良好，稳定易保存，可为进一步开发利用奠定基础。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.