石斛象甲虫生真菌的分离鉴定及其毒力测定

用石斛象甲上分离出来的两株蜡蚧轮枝菌菌株Ⅰ和菌株Ⅱ,采用Hall生物测定方法,测定了其致病性和对烟蚜的毒力。结果表明:在10~8孢子/ml浓度下,石斛象甲的喙、足在5d后有菌丝产生,8d后虫死亡,虫体表面布满菌丝。其中菌株Ⅰ致病性最强,其LC_(50)在24～96h明显小于菌株Ⅱ;120h时,菌株Ⅰ的LC_(50)为3.27×10~5孢子/ml,菌株Ⅱ的LC_(50)为1.32×10~5孢子/ ml。在同一数量级(10~7、10~6、10~5),菌株Ⅰ的LT_(50)最短;两菌株在120h内都能使大量烟蚜感染致死,且随着孢子浓度的增加LT_(50)都减小。研究表明从石斛象甲上分离出来的蜡蚧轮枝菌对石斛象甲具有致病性,对烟蚜有较高的生物活性。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌昆明菌株可湿性粉剂的发酵培养条件及其毒力测定

采用价格低廉的农副产品结合液固两相培养的方法进行发酵培养,干燥后的固体培养基经粉碎后人工过300目筛,取菌粉(55%),加过300目筛的填料硅藻土(42%)、润湿剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(3%)及稳定剂混匀制得55%蜡蚧轮枝菌可湿性粉剂。该制剂有效孢子浓度3.0×109个/g;细度:97%以上过300目筛;润湿时间:2′57″;悬浮率:75.6%;含水量<3.0%;pH值6~7。该制剂对小菜蛾的LC50到8d时为1.51×104孢子/ml;在田间试验中,施用3次该可湿性粉剂2.1×107孢子/ml对萝卜蚜的15~25d防治效果为64.9%~70.7%。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌的新株系(Lecanicillium lecanii-01Et)对介壳虫的毒力测定

对从未喷药的中国农业大学校园露地栽培的辣根上采集的介壳虫制作成永久玻片后进行鉴定,初步判断为梨绒蚧(Eriococcus tokaedae Kuwana)。将蜡蚧轮枝菌(Lecanicillium lecanii)Bj085-1菌株分生孢子配成(1.4×104)～(1.4×108)孢子/mL的5个处理浓度,对梨绒蚧若虫进行第1次毒力测定。结果显示,各个处理浓度之间的平均累计死亡率大致随着孢子浓度的增加而增加,其中以(1.4×108)孢子/mL浓度处理的最高,但只有45.7%。其后将第1次毒力测定试验中死亡虫体经保湿后出现的菌丝体进行分离纯化,获得了新株系(Lecanicillium lecanii-01Et)进行第2次毒力测定(方法同第1次)。结果表明,不同浓度的L.lecanii-01Et分生孢子对梨绒蚧若虫的杀虫速度随浓度的增加而明显加快,浓度增至(1.4×108)孢子/mL时,杀虫速度最快,LT50仅为3.95 d,平均累计校正死亡率达84.1%。说明分离纯化后的蜡蚧轮枝菌新株系(L.lecanii-01Et)分生孢子对梨绒蚧若虫有较好的防治作用。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌对害虫致病性的初步研究

通过对蜡蚧轮枝菌V-816菌株致病性的研究 ,结果表明 ,该菌对菜青虫、小菜蛾、甘蓝蚜、棉红蜘蛛有较强的致病力。随浓度增加 ,杀虫效果明显提高 ,对幼龄幼虫致病力比老龄幼虫强。温度对该菌的致病力有明显的影响 ,其适温为25～30℃。试验表明该菌不侵染七星瓢虫的幼虫     

紫外线对蜡蚧轮枝菌原生质体的诱变效果

本研究利用紫外线对蜡蚧轮枝菌原生质体及分生孢子的诱变,获得了3个产孢量比对照提高10倍以上的菌株,其对桃蚜及绣线菊蚜的致死率比对照菌株提高30～50％。连续三代培养、保藏半年的突变菌株,其产孢量及对蚜虫的致死率均保持稳定。     

厚孢轮枝菌对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制作用研究

用厚孢轮枝菌菌株处理南方根结线虫卵囊,以评价对南方根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明:在孢子浓度为2.04×10~6个/mL和2.04×10~7株个/mL时,厚孢轮枝菌对线虫卵囊的孵化有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为70.9%和72.4%;在孢子浓度为2.04×10~3个/mL时,厚孢轮枝菌对线虫卵囊孵化的抑制作用较低,抑制率仅为23.7%;在孢子浓度为2.04×10~4个/mL和2.04×10~5个/mL时,厚孢轮枝菌对线虫卵囊孵化的抑制率分别为49.4%和52.3%。     

一株来自热带地区蜡蚧菌的鉴定、生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力

本研究从古巴土壤中分离得到一株蜡蚧菌CHLB5,通过形态学及分子生物学分析鉴定为渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum,该菌株对单糖、双糖、多糖等碳营养及有机氮和无机氮等营养均能利用,但存在一定的差异。其中,菌丝生长以麦芽糖和蛋白胨的较快(速率分别为6.38和7.44 mm/d),以甘油和硫酸铵的较慢(分别为3.92和3.79 mm/d);分生孢子产生量以麦芽糖和蛋白胨较多(产孢量分别为6.98×1010和3.96×1010孢子/皿),以甘油和脲较少(产孢量分别为0.39×1010和1.76×1010孢子/皿)。菌株CHLB5在19~29℃能正常生长,菌丝生长和产孢量的最适温度为27℃。菌株对烟粉虱2龄若虫第8 d的致死率为86.9%,该菌株在害虫生防上具有较高的应用潜力。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌致病性初步研究

通过对蜡蚧轮枝菌V-816菌株致病性的研究,结果表明,该菌对菜青虫、小菜蛾、甘蓝蚜、棉叶螨有较强的致病力。随浓度增加,杀虫效果明显提高,且对幼龄幼虫的致病力较对老龄幼虫的强。温度对该菌的致病力有明显的影响,其致病适温为25～30℃。同时试验表明该菌不侵染七星瓢虫的幼虫。     

土壤蜡蚧轮枝菌DNA提取方法的改进及其应用效果

土壤真菌分子生态学研究需要大量和高效地提取真菌的DNA。应用市售的一般试剂盒提取土壤虫生真菌DNA,常常存在得率和质量低的问题,甚至根本提取不到土壤真菌的DNA样品。针对这一问题,本研究对细胞破碎方式及后续DNA提取参数进行了一系列的改进和优化,建立了一套针对性的提取方法。该提取法对虫生真菌—蜡蚧轮枝菌纯培养物的灵敏度极高,可在10个孢子的条件下提取到DNA,而市售的试剂盒则不能提取到(试剂盒在107个孢子条件仍提不到DNA);该提取法对人工投菌土样的DNA提取灵敏度达到102个孢子/克土,所得的DNA纯度高,无明显抑制后续PCR扩增的物质;施用过蜡蚧轮枝菌的田间土样所得DNA样品可成功扩增出蜡蚧轮枝菌特异片段,而未施用过蜡蚧轮枝菌的田间土样所得DNA样品不能扩增出蜡蚧轮枝菌特异片段。本提取方法具有灵敏度和纯度高的特点,适用于土壤虫生真菌的分子生态学样品制备。     

三种控制因子对湿地松粉蚧联合控制作用的模拟分析

利用虫生真菌蜡蚧轮枝菌、芽枝状枝孢霉和圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫对湿地松粉蚧的自然种群进行控制试验,在湿地松粉蚧自然种群连续生命表的基础上,通过以空间状态方程为分析手段,就圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫、芽枝状枝孢霉和蜡蚧轮枝菌对湿地松粉蚧联合作用进行了模拟分析,结果表明各种组合比较单独因子更能有效地控制湿地松粉蚧。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.