智能聪配施壳寡糖和褐藻寡糖对烟草生长和病毒抗性的影响

智能聪(ZNC)是宛氏拟青霉Paecilomyces variotii的提取物, 前期研究证明其具有促进植物生长, 提高作物产量?品质和抗病的能力?为了进一步提高产品应用效果, 本研究将智能聪分别与壳寡糖和褐藻寡糖复配, 评价其对烟草生长和病毒病抗性的影响?结果表明, 智能聪与壳寡糖或褐藻寡糖复配后的促生效果和对马铃薯X病毒(potato virus X, PVX)的抑制作用优于单剂, 其中促生效果最佳的为0.05 μg/mL智能聪与12 μg/mL褐藻寡糖复配, 处理后烟草株高?根长?侧根数?鲜重和干重分别比单施褐藻寡糖增加26.31%?20.41%?23.20%?23.60%和31.03%; 对PVX病毒抑制作用最好的是0.05 μg/mL智能聪与30 μg/mL壳寡糖复配, 对PVX抑制率为71.26%?研究结果可为防治烟草花叶病的药剂复配选择提供依据?     

化学合成的几丁寡糖及其结构类似物诱导烟草对黑胫病抗性研究

 为了探讨寡糖诱导物的分子结构与诱导抗病性之间的相互关系,以7个化学合成的寡糖为诱导物,研究了烟草植株对黑胫病的诱导抗性。结果表明,β-1,3-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚三糖和β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖的诱导处理对烟草黑胫病表现活体抗性,相对诱导效果分别为62.5%,50.0%和75.0%;β-1,3-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖、β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚三糖和β-1,4-乙酰氨基葡聚四糖的诱导处理对烟草黑胫病表现离体抗性,相对诱导效果分别为56.25%,50.0%和62.5%。研究结果表明寡糖的聚合度以及寡糖主链的糖苷键连接方式可能是影响诱导抗病性的重要因子,不同浓度寡糖处理后烟草的诱导抗病性有差异。     

葡聚六糖诱导烟草抗花叶病毒病的研究

分别采用酶联免疫吸附技术(Fab’)2-ELISA和温室盆栽试验测定了葡聚六糖诱导烟草对花叶病毒病的抗性,结果表明,葡聚六糖诱导烟草抗花叶病毒病的最佳有效浓度为10 μg/mL,最佳诱导间隔期为7 d,持效期约为28 d,诱导抗病的防病效果与诱导次数呈正比。     

拟南芥的抗病信号传导途径

 拟南芥是研究植物与病原物相互作用的模式植物。植物感病和抗病取决于病原物无毒基因产物和寄主抗病基因产物的识别,以及随后的相关防卫反应的激活。在拟南芥的抗病过程中,水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯等信号分子都不同程度地参与着抗病过程中的不同环节,起着非常重要的作用。由于这些信号分子在对不同病原菌的抗性中的作用存在差异,因而将抗病信号传导分为依赖于水杨酸和依赖于茉莉酸/乙烯的途径。本文将着重讨论这些信号分子在植物系统获得抗性以及诱导系统抗性中的作用。     

几丁质寡糖诱导小麦抗白粉病作用的研究

试验表明 ,应用工业化生产的几丁质寡糖液 (COS)可以减轻小麦白粉病的发生。随着COS浓度的增加 ,其诱导小麦产生抗白粉病的效果越好。通过不同施用方式的比较 ,表明小麦的抗性是由于植株吸收COS后 ,引发体内系统诱导抗性而表达的。     

水杨酸和壳聚糖诱导苹果叶片对斑点落叶病抗性的研究

采用喷雾接种的方法测定了不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的室内抑菌作用、诱导抗病效果及诱导苹果叶片后各种抗病性物质含量的变化.结果表明,不同浓度的水杨酸和壳聚糖对A.mali均无明显的抑制作用,其中100μ g/mL的水杨酸和500 μg/mL的壳聚糖对A.mali的抑制率较低,仅为5.33％和4.73％,但诱导抗病效果较显著,分别达到70.90％和77.77％.两种药剂诱导叶片后,叶片中POD、PAL活性以及木质素积累量明显高于对照,且随时间的增长,POD和PAL酶活性先升高后降低,在第3天,POD和PAL酶活性均达到峰值;而壳聚糖诱导后PPO活性随时间的增长呈升高的趋势,但水杨酸对PPO酶活性变化的影响较小.     

藤黄灰链霉菌ECO 00001菌株中寡霉素A和C的分离鉴定及其活性

运用生物活性追踪和色谱分离方法,从藤黄灰链霉菌ECO 00001菌丝体丙酮粗提物中分离得到两个活性化合物.经波谱分析,鉴定为大环内酯类抗生素寡霉素C和A.采用孢子萌发抑制法和菌丝生长抑制法测定寡霉素C和A对5种植物病原真菌的离体抗菌活性.当寡霉素C和A的浓度分别为15 μg/mL和5 μg/mL时,对百合灰霉病菌、百合炭疽病菌、烟草赤星病菌、稻瘟病菌及水稻恶苗病菌的孢子萌发抑制率均为100%;当浓度分别为100 μg/mL和50 μg/mL时,对上述5种病原真菌的抑菌圈直径均在10mm以上,化合物Ⅱ对5个供试植物病原真菌的抑制活性强于化合物Ⅰ.     

我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状与趋势分析

植物免疫诱导技术是近年来发展十分快速的新领域,本文从具有植物免疫诱导作用的蛋白质、壳寡糖和微生物诱导菌等方面介绍了我国植物免疫诱导技术的研究现状,阐述了植物免疫诱导剂的作用机理及诱导和提高植物免疫抗病的作用,分析了植物免疫诱导剂蛋白质生物农药、壳寡糖生物农药及微生物诱抗剂的发展趋势及应用前景。     

壳寡糖诱导植物抗病性研究进展

壳寡糖是由2-10个氨基葡糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成的低聚糖,具有多种生物学活性。本文对壳寡糖诱导的植物抗病性及其诱导植物抗性机理进行了评述。     

壳聚糖和核黄素诱导裸仁美洲南瓜对白粉病抗性的研究

采用喷雾接种法测定了不同浓度壳聚糖(chitosan)和核黄素(riboflavin)诱导裸仁美洲南瓜对白粉病菌(Podosphaera xanthii)抗性的研究。结果表明,经400μg/mL壳聚糖和753μg/mL核黄素处理后,其病情指数显著低于对照,仅为7.10和8.14,且诱导抗病效果较为显著,分别为80.70%和77.86%,诱导抗病持久期可延续15d。诱导后相关生理生化指标测定结果表明,随着处理时间的增加,叶片中POD、PAL和PPO活性总体呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且处理显著高于对照。壳聚糖处理后POD、PAL和PPO活性分别于第3、5和7天达到峰值;核黄素处理后POD和PAL活性于第5天达到峰值,而PPO活性则于第7天达到峰值。     

Cellulysin induces downy mildew disease resistance in pearl millet driven through defense response

The responses to cellulysin as an immune inducer in pearl millet that confers downy mildew resistance mediated through lipoxygenase (LOX), a jasmonate-dependent enzyme involved in defence signalling, are discussed in this paper. The susceptible pearl millet cultivar 7042S was treated with cellulysin at 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 μg/ml concentrations. All tested concentrations showed enhanced seed germination and seedling vigour when compared with the untreated control. Maximum seed germination of 92 % and seedling vigour was obtained following 20 μg/ml cellulysin treatment. Significant (P?<?0.05) downy mildew disease protection of 67 % and 71 % was observed when cellulysin was used at 20 μg/ml under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Further studies showed that the resistance induced by cellulysin treatment in pearl millet plant was systemic, required a minimum of 4 days to achieve maximum resistance development after pathogen inoculation seedling inoculation (five-day-old), and was sustained throughout the plant’s life. Plants raised from cellulysin-treated seeds and challenge inoculated at tillering (25-day-old) and inflorescence (45-day-old) showed persistence in resistance till the end of the crop period. A notable increase in LOX activity was observed in all the tested concentrations of cellulysin in plants inoculated with the pathogen at 24 h, compared to the control. However, a maximum 6-fold increase in LOX activity was noticed using a cellulysin concentration of 20 μg/ml 48 hours post inoculation. In contrast, glucanase (GLU) activity was high in control inoculated seedlings, but was low in cellulysin treated samples at all time intervals. The optimal cellulysin treatment (20 μg/ml) provided enhanced vegetative and reproductive parameters that resulted in higher yield compared to the untreated control.     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞镰孢菌果腐病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探索马铃薯糖苷生物碱诱导采后枸杞鲜果抗病性的效应,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞鲜果采后主要致腐病原菌镰孢菌Fusarium sp.的抑菌活性;采用浸泡处理法测定了马铃薯糖苷生物碱对采后枸杞鲜果发病病情指数及对果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度马铃薯糖苷生物碱对镰孢菌均具有一定的抑制作用,EC50为0.11 g/mL;0.05～0.25 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱能显著降低采后枸杞鲜果病情指数,较对照降低了10.18%～38.51%;以0.15 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理后对枸杞鲜果抗果腐病的诱导效果最好,达45.81%;马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理枸杞鲜果后,果实中4种防御酶PPO、POD、PAL、SOD的活性均较对照有不同程度提高,分别于处理后第4、5、2、2天与对照差异达到最大,较对照提高了30.76%、21.34%、31.35%和21.91%。表明马铃薯糖苷生物碱能够诱导枸杞鲜果对采后病害的抗性效应,且采后抗病性可能与枸杞相关防御酶活性的增加有关。     

化学合成寡糖诱导烟草抗黑胫病的初步研究

 抑菌测定和盆栽试验表明:化学合成的Lewis^x和Lewis^a寡糖对烟草黑胫病病原菌菌丝生长无明显影响;Lewis^x五糖和七糖处理烟草,可使烟草植株产生对黑胫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae)的抗性,在处理浓度0~10μg/m L内,随着浓度增高诱导效果增强,当浓度达10 μg/m L时,诱导防病效果达90%以上。Lewisx七糖处理,可导致烟草叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)等防卫酶活性不同程度地提高,PPO、POD及PAL分别在处理后第4d、第6d和第8d达到最大值,比对照分别增加了70.7%、150.0%和142.8%。     

Systemic resistance induced in Arabidopsis thaliana by Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, a microbial pesticide of seedborne diseases of rice

BACKGROUND: Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 is a microbial pesticide of seedborne diseases of rice. To investigate the mechanisms of disease suppression in SKT-1, the ability to induce systemic resistance by SKT-1, or its cell-free culture filtrate (CF), was tested using Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants. RESULTS: Both SKT-1 and its CF elicit an induced systemic resistance against the bacterial leaf speck pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Col-0 plants. Involvement of plant hormones in the induced resistance by SKT-1 and CF was assessed using Arabidopsis genotypes such as the jasmonic acid (JA)-resistant mutant jar1, the ethylene (ET)-resistant mutant etr1, the plant impaired in salicylic acid (SA) signalling transgenic NahG and the mutant npr1 impaired in NPR1 activity. In soil experiments using SKT-1, no significant disease suppression effect was observed in NahG transgenic plants or npr1 mutant plants. Expression levels of SA-inducible genes such as PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 increased substantially in the leaves of Col-0 plants. Expression levels of JA/ET-induced genes such as PDF1.2a, PR-3, PR-4 and AtVsp1 were also induced, but the levels were not as high as for SA-inducible genes. In a hydroponic experiment using CF from SKT-1, all Arabidopsis genotypes showed an induced systemic resistance by CF and increased expression levels of JA/ET- and SA-inducible genes in leaves of CF-treated plants. CONCLUSION: The SA signalling pathway is important in inducing systemic resistance to colonisation by SKT-1, and both SA and JA/ET signalling pathways combine in the signalling of induced resistance by CF. These results indicate that the response of A. thaliana is different from that found in root treatments with barley grain inoculum and CF from SKT-1. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

山东省不同地区蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了四霉素对采自山东省不同地区不同蔬菜作物的151株菌核病菌的毒力作用,同时比较了其对蔬菜菌核病菌不同生育阶段的抑制活性,并通过离体叶片法评价了四霉素对蔬菜菌核病的防治效果。结果表明:菌核病菌对四霉素比较敏感,敏感性频率呈单峰正态分布,151株病菌菌丝生长的平均EC₅₀值为 (0.29 ± 0.01) μg/mL,该值可作为蔬菜菌核病菌对四霉素的敏感基线。此外,经四霉素处理后,该病菌的菌核数量以及干重明显降低,菌核明显变小;2 μg/mL的处理对菌核萌发的抑制率达到100.00%。 离体黄瓜叶片接种试验表明,四霉素对菌核病具有较好的保护和治疗效果,且保护作用较为显著。在质量浓度为20 μg/mL时,四霉素对该病的防效显著高于对照药剂多菌灵和异菌脲。因此,四霉素具有防治蔬菜菌核病的潜在价值,可进一步通过田间试验验证其应用效果。     

Relationship Between Oxalate, Oxalate Oxidase Activity, Oxalate Sensitivity, and White Mold Susceptibility in Phaseolus coccineus

ABSTRACT Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic pathogen that devastates the yields of numerous crop species, including beans. The disease in common bean and pea is referred to as white mold. We examined the relationship between oxalate, an established virulence factor of S. sclerotiorum, and partial white mold resistance of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus). P. coccineus genotypes PI 255956 ('Mayan White Runner') and PI 535278 (Tars-046A) were more resistant than susceptible 'Wolven Pole'. Sensitivity to oxalate ranked highest for Wolven Pole, lowest for PI 255956, and intermediate for PI 535278. Oxalate concentrations were similar in infected stem tissues of the partially resistant lines and lower than Wolven Pole. Moreover, oxalate oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were absent in the more resistant lines but induced in Wolven Pole. Collectively, these results suggest that genetic differences in susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum among different P. coccineus lines are partially dependent on oxalic acid.