长武塬区不同土地利用条件下土壤水分深剖面分布特征比较

通过调查取样的方法对长武塬面不同土地利用条件下(作物地,果园,苜蓿地)土壤水分状况在0～600 cm范围深度内进行对比,结果显示:长武塬区小麦收获期,不同土地利用条件下土壤水分含量总体存在较大差异,其中春玉米地由于上年小麦收获后直到春玉米播种前土地休闲,土壤含水量显著高于其它土地利用方式.其它土地利用条件下土壤平均含水量相对较低,在0～300 cm的范围内含水量分布表现为果园>苜蓿地>小麦地.300 cm以下含水量表现为小麦地>果园>苜蓿地;同时,不同利用条件下土壤水分剖面低湿层的位置深度也不相同,小麦地土壤水分低湿层深度较果园地和多年苜蓿地浅,土壤水分剖面形态与分布特征受利用模式影响显著.     

土地利用类型对黄土塬区深层土壤含水量的影响——以长武塬区为例

对长武塬区不同土地利用类型条件下深层土壤水分特征及其生态环境效应进行了研究。结果表明:各土地利用类型测定范围内土壤平均含水量总体上呈涝池裸地小麦地12年生果园20年生果园的趋势,其值分别为:21.41、19.71、18.55、17.92和17.84%、15.42和14.07%。在相同树龄条件下,12龄果园不同样点之间土壤剖面水分存在较大差异,耗水深度可达10-13m,耗水深度因果树生长差异而有所差别;而20龄果园不同样点间土壤含水量的差异较小,耗水影响深度可达19m,形成了深厚的生物利用型干层,限制了降水入渗补给地下水。裸地和涝池土壤含水量总体上高于其他土地利用类型下土壤含水量。裸地在丰水年或者较大规模集中连续降水情况下,降水有可能通过1360cm的深厚土层继续向下补给;涝池在积水后快速入渗补给地下水,之后经过近一年的较长时间再分布后,在土体内水势梯度作用下重新趋于相对平衡。     

黄土塬区土地利用变化对深剖面土壤水分的影响

在长武塬区的6个地点分别采集农地、10年果园和20年果园10 m深剖面的土样,通过测定和分析不同样地的土壤水分,定量揭示其对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明:农地和10年果园土壤水分具有相似的垂向分布,随深度增加土壤水分含量增大,而20年果园随深度增加呈减小趋势,但6 m以下3种样地土壤水分随深度增加基本不发生变化;农地、10年和20年果园在0~6 m、6~10 m和0~10 m土层平均土壤水分含量分别为17.8%、17.5%和15.8%,20.4%、20.6%和14.8%,18.8%、18.7%和15.4%,与农地相比,20年果园0~6m、6~10m和0~10 m土层减少的土壤水分分别占农地的11%、27%和18%;农地6~10 m土壤储水量为1 063 mm,而转化为果园后随果龄增大而减小,其中10年果园无明显差异,但20年果园减少了291 mm,在该土层形成稳定的低湿层。20年果园6 m以下稳定的低湿层可能减少水分的深层渗漏进而降低地下水补给量,伴随着大面积的农地转化为人工林草,可能会对区域水循环造成影响。     

陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区不同土地利用下土壤水分变化分析

通过对陇中黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型下土壤水分的定期观测,用烘干法测定了5种土地利用类型的土壤水分,分析了土壤水分在植被生长季的变化。结果表明:土地利用类型对土壤水分的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),土壤含水量及储水量大小顺序为:荒草地>沙棘林地>农地>草地>油松林地;土地利用类型对土壤剖面水分的影响随土层的加深呈增大趋势,土壤剖面水分的变异系数随土层的加深呈减小趋势,并且其含水量变化存在季节差异。不同土地利用类型下土壤水分消耗量及补充量均有差异;土壤剖面储水量的盈亏状况为:农地没有亏缺,荒草地的亏缺量最小,油松林地在40cm以下土层均亏缺。因此,在该区的生态植被恢复过程中,应优先考虑草本和灌木植物,以利于土壤水环境及其永续利用。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤水分分析

采用定位监测法,对地处黄土丘陵区的延安燕沟不同植被类型下土壤水分状况进行了对比分析。结果表明:农林草地土壤水分剖面(0~4 m)存在显著差异,平均土壤含水量由高到低依次为:旱农坡地>草地>柠条灌丛>果园>黄刺玫灌丛>刺槐,与旱农坡地对照分别相差2.04%、2.27%、4.75%、4.8%和5.68%;刺槐、柠条和黄刺玫的土壤水分垂直分布呈现较一致的趋势,表现为上层水分高于下层且差异显著,水分较明显的分界点在100cm左右,其100 cm以上平均土壤湿度分别为10.12%、13.58%和11.89%,100 cm以下分别为8.79%、12.16%和9.07%;同时,不同植被类型下土壤剖面低湿层不同,乔灌地低湿层深度较农地和草地深;土壤水分剖面形态与分层特征受植被利用影响作用显著。     

黄土高原南部小流域土壤水分时程变化的分层特征及其驱动机制

选取位于黄土高原南部的长武王东沟小流域为研究对象,通过对典型样地0～600 cm土壤剖面水分的长期连续测定,系统研究了王东沟小流域土壤水分年内、年际变化的分层特征以及驱动机制。结果表明,土壤水分剖面的时程变化有分层特征,与利用类型关系密切;王东沟小流域0～50 cm土层土壤水分季节变化剧烈,0～150 cm土壤含水量在雨季前（6月）降到最低;与雨季前相比,小麦地12月土壤水分恢复深度可达到460 cm ,而刺槐林地、苹果园和苜蓿地土壤水分恢复深度最大达到260 cm左右;就同一测点比较,2011年刺槐林地和苹果园300～600 cm土壤含水量较2003年减少,而2011年小麦地和荒草地300～600 cm土壤含水量较2003年有所增加。土地利用和地形地貌是驱动王东沟小流域土壤水分变化的主要因素,但是土地利用对深层土壤水分的影响更加显著。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤碳氮磷及其生态化学计量特征

以陕北米脂谷子、苜蓿、柠条和枣树4种不同土地利用方式土壤为研究对象，采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品，采样数共288个，分别对样品土壤的C、N、P及其生态化学计量比C/N、C/P和N/P进行了研究。结果表明：黄土丘陵区土壤C、N、P含量均值分别为2.12、0.21 g·kg^-1和0.43 g·kg^-1;C/N、C/P和N/P均值分别为10.83、5.0和0.48;土壤C、N、P及C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数均大于10%且小于100%，属于中等变异。土地利用方式对土壤C、N、P含量及其生态化学计量特征有显著影响，其中谷子地0~20 cm土层土壤C含量显著高于柠条地和枣树林（P<0.05），谷子地20~40 cm土层的C含量显著高于苜蓿地（P<0.05）;0~20、20~40 cm和60~80 cm土层谷子地N含量显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）;苜蓿地P含量在0~20、60~80 cm和80~100 cm土层显著高于柠条地（P<0.05）。谷子地、苜蓿地和枣树林土壤C、N呈表聚性分布，而柠条地随深度增加无明显降低，表明柠条有较好的固碳能力。各土层C/N在不同土地利用方式间存在显著差异（P<0.05），其中柠条地最高，谷子地最低;80~100 cm土层土壤C/P在柠条地和苜蓿地间具有显著差异（P<0.05）。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层深度下，土壤N/P在不同土地利用方式之间具有显著差异（P<0.05），其中谷子地最高，柠条地最低。通过典型相关分析得出，土壤C、N、C/P和N/P与环境因子中的土层深度、粘粒含量和土壤pH值的累积关系较大。     

祁连山东段土壤水分时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

基于时域反射仪(TDR)观测的土壤水分数据,探讨了祁连山东段旱泉沟流域2009年土壤水分的时空分布特征,并利用典范对应分析(CCA)方法分析了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、地貌类型、土地利用类型、土壤孔隙度等7个环境因子与土壤水分时空分布的相关关系。研究结果表明:在整个观测期间,灌草地和林灌地的土壤含水量最高,灌木地、林地次之,然后依次为退耕还草地、农地、退耕还林地和荒草地;海拔、坡向、土壤孔隙度和土地利用类型是影响土壤水分季节动态分布的主要因子,且不同月份土壤水分含量的主要影响因子各不相同,7月份与坡向相关性最大,8、9月份土壤水分含量与土地利用类型相关性最大,10月份与海拔相关性最大;研究区内23个样点0~10 cm土层含水量的总体变异系数(CV)最大,10~20 cm土层含水量的总体CV最小,且样点1和9以及样点14~17的土壤剖面含水量的CV较大;土壤孔隙度对土壤水分垂直分布的影响最为显著,坡位、坡向与海拔的影响次之,而地貌类型、坡度和土地利用类型的影响较小。     

黄土旱塬区农田施肥、产量与土壤深层干燥化的关系研究

施肥作为稳定作物高产的关键措施之一,同时也会加强对土壤水分的耗损。于2007年小麦播种前测定了长期施肥的试验田0~300 cm土壤剖面水分含量。结果表明,不同施肥处理播前小麦地土壤在1 m深度范围内含水量变化很小,贮水量的极差值为14.7 mm;土壤水分的变化主要集中在100~300 cm土层,贮水量极差值为130.1 mm,且土层深度100~260 cm处出现土壤深层干燥化现象,并随肥料用量增加干燥化程度趋于严重;260 cm以下土壤含水量逐渐上升。氮磷肥配施土壤干层含水量显著高于单施氮肥,单施氮肥显著高于单施磷肥和不施肥,而不施肥和单施磷肥土壤干层含水量差异不显著。从产量角度看,小麦产量与干层水分含量呈线形显著负相关。当产量小于1 354 kg/hm2,土壤无干层;当产量在1 355~2 406 kg/hm2之间,土壤干层属于轻度干燥化;当产量在2 407~3 458 kg/hm2范围内,土壤干层属于中度干燥化。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同土地利用方式坡面土壤水分特性研究

为分析不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤水分特性的差异和规律,对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带典型坡面上农地、林地和草地的土壤水分特性进行了分析.结果表明:(1) 苜蓿地土壤的持水能力和供水能力最强,其次是杏树林和长芒草地,谷子地最差;(2) 通过土壤水分有效性分析发现,水蚀风蚀交错带田间持水量相当于-0.2×105 Pa土壤基质势时的土壤含水量,永久凋萎点则低于-2.0×106 Pa土壤基质势对应的土壤含水量;(3) 苜蓿地有效水含量最高,谷子地有效水含量最低,而且苜蓿地土壤有效水含量的提高主要是提高了迟效水部分;(4) 对不同土地利用方式下的土壤比水容量变化曲线研究表明,土壤比水容量在田间持水量附近随土壤含水量的降低减小的很快,而当土壤水分降低到田间持水量的50%～60%以下时,土壤比水容量基本不变.     

Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess Plateau,China

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents(SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal(2010), dry(2011), wet(2014) and extremely wet(2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as cropfallowpastureshrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth 1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.     

Using statistical models and GIS to delimit the groundwater recharge potential areas and to estimate the infiltration rate: A case study of Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin,Tunisia

The water resources of the Nadhour-Sisseb-El Alem Basin in Tunisia exhibit semi-arid and arid climatic conditions. This induces an excessive pumping of groundwater, which creates drops in water level ranging about 1-2 m/a. Indeed, these unfavorable conditions require interventions to rationalize integrated management in decision making. The aim of this study is to determine a water recharge index (WRI), delineate the potential groundwater recharge area and estimate the potential groundwater recharge rate based on the integration of statistical models resulted from remote sensing imagery, GIS digital data (e.g., lithology, soil, runoff), measured artificial recharge data, fuzzy set theory and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Eight factors affecting potential groundwater recharge were determined, namely lithology, soil, slope, topography, land cover/use, runoff, drainage and lineaments. The WRI is between 1.2 and 3.1, which is classified into five classes as poor, weak, moderate, good and very good sites of potential groundwater recharge area. The very good and good classes occupied respectively 27% and 44% of the study area. The potential groundwater recharge rate was 43% of total precipitation. According to the results of the study, river beds are favorable sites for groundwater recharge.     

西北内陆盆地环境变化对水资源影响分析

本文按照西北地区内陆盆地水资源系统特征,系统分析了全球气候环境变化对山区地表径流的影响,人类活动引起的水文环境的变化对流域水资源分配、流域水资源功能等方面的影响。提出气候环境变化对出山地表径流量的影响程度取决于河流的补给类型,并分析了不同补给类型河流受气候环境变化的特征;人们过度采伐山地森林,使流域上游涵养调蓄地表径流的功能降低,人们修建水利设施改变了地下水与地表水的相互转化关系,使流域上、中、下游之间的水资源分配发生了很大变化,从而造成中游水土资源功能退化,下游生态功能减弱。     

Characteristics of deep drainage and soil water in the mobile sandy lands of Inner Mongolia,northern China

 Quantification of deep drainage and the response of soil water content to rainfall patterns are critical for an effective management strategy of soil water conservation and groundwater utilization. However, information on how rainfall characteristics influence soil water dynamics and deep drainage in mobile sandy lands are lacking. We used an underground chamber to examine the response of deep drainage and soil water content in mobile sandy lands to rainfall characteristics during the growing season of 2010, 2011 and 2012. Results showed that rainfall in this area was dominated by small events (≤5 mm), which increased soil water content in the surface soil layers (0–40 cm), but did not increase soil water content at the deeper soil layers (greater than 40 cm). Soil water content at the 0–100 cm depth increased significantly when the total amount of rain was >20 mm. Rainfall amount, intensity and the duration of dry intervals were significantly related to the soil water content at different soil layers. Deep drainage was significantly correlated with rainfall amount and intensity, but not with the duration of the dry interval. The coefficients of deep drainage in mobile sandy lands ranged from 61.30% to 67.94% during the growing seasons. Our results suggested that rainfall infiltration in these widespread mobile sandy lands had considerable potential to increase soil water storage while recharging the groundwater in this region.     

太原盆地地下水系统水化学-同位素特征研究

太原盆地孔隙水与周边岩溶水、砂岩裂隙水有密切的水力联系。本文应用示踪元素均衡分析的方法对盆地地下水系统之间的转化关系进行了定量研究。结果表明,太原市区以北地区主要接受岩溶水补给,其补给量占总补给量的30%以上。盆地东侧大部分地区以裂隙水补给为主,其中文水东南至平遥一带裂隙水补给量最高,占总给量的60%以上;应用环境同位素分析方法对盆地孔隙水的起源与更新能力进行了研究分析。指出含水层埋藏深度在50m以内的浅层水,主要接受大气降水和地表水的补给,更新周期在60年以下,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在50—200m之间的为混合水,是深层古水与浅层现代水混合形成,与现代水交换比例在40%以上,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在200m以下的,为深层古水,更新能力较差。     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

石羊河流域绿洲开发与水资源利用

在分析石羊河流域水环境近2000多年变化的基础上,重点探讨了近50年来水资源的变化趋势及对环境的影响.结果表明:自20世纪50～90年代,石羊河流域出山地表水资源减少了15.91%,地下水补给资源减少了42.92%,地下水开采量增大了近10倍,泉水资源衰减了84.3%,进入下游的水资源减少了75%.水资源利用格局的变化直接导致了区域性地下水位持续下降和地下水水质的恶化,产生了植被衰亡、下游绿洲萎缩、土壤盐渍化、土地沙漠化等一系列严重的危及人类生存的环境问题,恶化程度已到了"崩溃"的边缘.     

中国西北干旱区生态地下水埋深适宜深度的确定

干旱区影响天然植被生长的土壤水分和盐分,都和地下水埋深密切相关。地下水埋藏浅,在强烈的蒸发作用下,溶解于地下水中的盐分沿毛管上升水流于地表聚集,使土壤发生盐渍化,产生盐胁迫。地下水埋深过低,毛管上升水流不能到达植物根系层,植物生长受到水分胁迫,发生荒漠化。因此,确定既不会使土壤发生盐渍化和荒漠化的地下水埋深十分重要。本文根据地下水、土壤水及植物生长状况综合研究,把适宜的地下水埋深界定为在温带荒漠区1.5—4m,暖温带荒漠区2.0~4.0(4.5)m,即在潜水的强烈蒸发深度以下和蒸发极限深度之上的区间,为防治土地盐渍化、荒漠化和估算生态用水提供了科学依据。