两种亚菊属植物挥发油及主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性研究

本文旨在研究川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油及其主要成分(1,8-桉叶油醇、樟脑、马鞭草烯醇、冰片和桃金娘烯醇)对赤拟谷盗幼虫的活性作用。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油并通过熏蒸、触杀和驱避等测试方法评价两种挥发油及其主要成分对赤拟谷盗幼虫的生物活性。结果表明,川甘亚菊挥发油、灌木亚菊挥发油和1,8-桉叶油醇均具有一定的熏蒸活性(LC₅₀分别为94.60、81.17 mg/L和18.42 mg/L)和触杀活性(LD₅₀分别为216.93、100.50μg/头和52.69μg/头)。同时,在高测试浓度(78.63 nL/cm~2和15.73 nL/cm~2)时,分别处理2 h和4 h后川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油以及桃金娘烯醇对赤拟谷盗幼虫均表现出较明显的驱避活性,冰片驱避活性接近于阳性对照避蚊胺。因此,川甘亚菊和灌木亚菊挥发油对赤拟谷盗的幼虫有一定的防治作用。     

头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分分析及其对3种仓储害虫的毒杀作用

本研究旨在明确头花杜鹃挥发油的化学成分及其对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的毒杀作用。利用GC/MS分析了头花杜鹃叶挥发油的化学组分;通过触杀和驱避试验测试头花杜鹃叶挥发油的生物活性。结果表明:从头花杜鹃叶挥发油中鉴定出的成分共有30种,占总成分的100.00%,其主要成分为:α-蒎烯(25.32%)、β-蒎烯(19.90%)和6,8-吡啶并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4(3H)-酮酸盐(7.45%);头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的LD_(50)分别为44.40、104.92μg/头和98.87μg/cm~2;在测试2 h和4 h后其对赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱的驱避效果与阳性对照除虫菊素产生的效果一致。上述结果表明,头花杜鹃叶挥发油对烟草甲、赤拟谷盗和嗜卷书虱均具有较好的毒杀作用,这可能与头花杜鹃叶挥发油中的主要成分α-蒎烯有关。     

艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗的杀虫活性

为开发新型仓储防护剂,研究艳山姜Alpinia zerumbet叶子挥发油的化学成分及其对仓储害虫赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum的杀虫活性。通过GC-MS分析了艳山姜叶挥发油的化学成分,并通过熏蒸、触杀试验测试挥发油及单体成分的活性。艳山姜叶挥发油中鉴定出31种化合物,主要成分为邻伞花烃(14.86%)、桉油精(8.44%)、芳樟醇(8.28%)、氧化石竹烯(7.62%)、柠檬烯(7.29%)、莰烯(7.23%)、α-蒎烯(6.40%)和左旋樟脑(6.20%)。通过生物活性筛选,艳山姜叶挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫具有触杀毒性(LD_(50)值为6.59μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC_(50)为5.19mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物莰烯、柠檬烯和桉油精对赤拟谷盗均有一定的触杀毒性,LD_(50)分别为5.13、14.97和18.83μg/头。莰烯对赤拟谷盗还显示出较强的熏蒸活性,LC_(50)为4.10mg/L。因此,艳山姜叶挥发油及其活性化合物在应用于赤拟谷盗的防治方面有潜力。     

4种植物挥发油的化学成分分析及其对赤拟谷盗的生物活性

本试验采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取飞机草?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香4种植物的挥发油, 以气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析挥发油的化学成分组成, 采用触杀和驱避活性测试评价以上植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗的生物活性?结果表明, 从上述植物挥发油中共鉴定出100种成分, 其中, 飞机草轻油和飞机草重油主要含有肉豆蔻醚(34.32%, 46.58%)和β-石竹烯(22.35%, 17.98%), 假蒟挥发油中主要含有β-胡椒烯(18.23%)和β-石竹烯(14.60%), 紫穗槐挥发油主要含有α-蒎烯(26.31%), 毛麝香挥发油主要含有γ-松油烯(24.90%)和环葑莰烯(16.59%)?此外, 飞机草轻油和重油?假蒟?紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油对赤拟谷盗具有一定的触杀活性, 其24 h的LD50分别为58.83?62.73?51.94?44.08 μg/头和51.69 μg/头, 其中, 紫穗槐挥发油的触杀活性最强?同时, 上述植物挥发油对赤拟谷盗均具有一定的驱避活性, 其相对关联度ri分别为0.340 6?0.647 4?0.561 2?0.523 5和0.657 2, 其中, 毛麝香挥发油的驱避活性最强(ri =0.657 2)?因此, 紫穗槐和毛麝香挥发油在仓储害虫防治方面具有很好的研究价值和开发潜力?     

牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲的杀虫活性

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取牡荆叶挥发油,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析其化学成分,基于柱色谱和核磁共振方法分离并鉴定化合物。从牡荆叶挥发油中鉴定出47种化合物,主要成分为β-石竹烯(25.8%)、桉油精(9.5%)、石竹烯氧化物(7.3%)和乙酸松油酯(6.1%)。并对牡荆叶挥发油及其分离得到的β-石竹烯和桉油精进行了杀虫活性测定。结果表明牡荆叶挥发油对烟草甲(Lasioderma serricorne)成虫具有触杀毒性(LD50为25.30μg/头)和熏蒸毒性(LC50为13.12mg/L)。挥发油中的主要化合物β-石竹烯和桉油精对烟草甲均有一定的触杀毒性(LD50分别为41.75μg/头和15.58μg/头)。桉油精对烟草甲还显示出较强的熏蒸活性(LC50为5.18mg/L)。结果提示牡荆叶挥发油及其活性化合物可用于烟草甲的综合防治。     

光果莸挥发油的化学成分及其对两种仓储害虫防治作用

探究光果莸挥发油的化学组成及其对两种仓储害虫的防治效果。利用GC/MS分析光果莸挥发油的化学成分,通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避试验评价光果莸挥发油对两种昆虫的生物活性。结果表明,光果莸挥发油中共鉴定出20种化合物,占总成分的94.08%,主要化合物为反乙酸松香芹酯(36.1%),柠檬烯(23.1%),β-蒎烯(13.6%),邻异丙基甲苯(5.6%),桃金娘烯醛(3.3%)。光果莸挥发油对烟草甲和嗜卷书虱表现出一定触杀作用(半数致死量LD_(50)分别为24.90μg/头和2.74μg/cm~2)和熏蒸活性(半数致死浓度LC_(50)分别为37.62 mg/L air和9.88 mg/L air),且光果莸挥发油对嗜卷书虱具有明显的驱避活性。结果提示,光果莸挥发油具有进一步开发为植物源杀虫剂的潜力。     

芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫的生物活性

本文研究了芥末精油对锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis成虫的室内杀虫活性.结果表明,芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫具有很强的熏蒸、驱避和触杀活性.在不同时间0.1μL·L-1芥末精油的熏蒸活性均最强,24h熏蒸毒力最大,锯谷盗成虫的校正死亡率达99.38%;方差分析表明不同处理时间和不同处理剂量对试虫的熏蒸活性均有极显著影响.随着时间延长,驱避作用逐渐增强;同一时间处理浓度越高驱避作用越强,8d时0.1μL·L-1驱避活性最强,达100%.在同一时间随着处理浓度的增大,芥末精油对锯谷盗触杀校正死亡率呈上升趋势,但18h后各处理间校正死亡率无显著差异.     

肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸作用及对成虫保护酶活性的影响

为明确肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum各发育阶段的杀虫活性及对成虫几种保护酶活性的影响, 本试验采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的熏蒸作用及24 h致死中浓度熏蒸后成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明, 肉桂醛的熏蒸效果与其浓度和赤拟谷盗发育阶段有关, 肉桂醛2.5 μL/L熏蒸72 h对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸效果最好, 幼虫次之。在24 h致死中浓度处理下, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在48、12 h和36 h达到最高, 其活性分别为对照的2.70、1.03倍和1.96倍。随着熏蒸时间的延长, 成虫POD活性在处理36 h后低于对照, SOD、CAT活性分别在处理36~60 h和24~48 h显著高于对照。综上所述, 经肉桂醛熏蒸处理后, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内动态平衡受到破坏, 进而产生毒害作用。因此, 肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的生物防治有较高的应用价值。     

八角茴香精油的杀虫活性与化学成分研究

本文报道了八角茴香(Illicium verum Hook.f.)精油的杀虫活性及其化学成分。使用剂量为50mg/L的精油进行熏蒸,赤拟谷盗[Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)]成虫24小时内平均校正死亡率高达100％;剂量为10mg/L的处理死亡率仍达80.6％。但在有储粮的条件下熏杀效果较差。使用剂量为0.1％(w/w)的精油处理小麦或全麦粉,可完全抑制赤拟谷盗、谷蠹(Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius)和黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor Linne)的种群繁殖。黄粉虫的中期卵对八角茴香精油最敏感。使用800μg/cm~2的剂量处理,对赤拟谷盗的忌避率最高,处理后第8周仍达55.6％,采用GC—MS法分析了八角茴香精油的化学成分,检出了35个成分,鉴定了其中32个成分的化学结构,结合生物活性测定,明确此精油的主要杀虫成分为反式一大茴香脑。     

β-石竹烯对黄胸散白蚁生物活性的研究

采用小滤纸片法、微量点滴法和塑料杯熏蒸法分别测定β-石竹烯对黄胸散白蚁的驱避、触杀和熏蒸作用。结果表明,在浓度分别为28、14、7 mg/mL时,毒杀后死亡率分别为45.83%、33.33%、29.17%,驱避率分别为96.70%、96.85%和92.22%;在受药量为5.6、2.8μg/头时,7 d后的校正死亡率分别为70.91%、65.45%,具有一定的触杀作用。但熏蒸作用效果不明显,与对照组无显著性差异。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.