拟除虫菊酯类农药酶免疫分析方法研究进展

对拟除虫菊酯类单一农药残留和多残留酶免疫分析方法的研究进展进行了综述。在介绍单一农药残留酶免疫分析方法中半抗原分子设计和ELISA方法建立的基础上,指出刚性连接臂是菊酯类农药免疫半抗原分子设计的一般原则,包被原和免疫原采用不同的载体蛋白和不同结构的半抗原有利于菊酯类农药ELISA方法的建立。在介绍菊酯类农药多残留酶免疫分析方法时,剖析了通用免疫半抗原的结构特点,阐述了宽谱特异性抗体的筛选方法,揭示了在菊酯类农药多残留酶免疫分析法中存在竞争半抗原的选择具有盲目性、宽谱特异性抗体对不同农药的特异性差异较大的问题。并对拟除虫菊酯类农药通用免疫半抗原设计及多残留酶免疫分析技术的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

联苯菊酯防治棉花主要害虫试验

目前用于防治棉虫的菊酯类农药主要有杀灭菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯。但这些菊酯类农药对螨类害虫几乎无效。近年来据有关资料报导含氟的菊酯类农药能兼治螨类,为在生产中应用,我们于1984—1985年用含氟的联苯菊酯和其他菊酯类农药分别对棉铃虫、棉红蜘蛛、棉蚜做了室内毒力测定和田     

农业部农药检定所将组织开展菊酯类农药在水稻上应用可行性研究

根据第七届全国农药登记评审委员会第一次全体会议的建议,2004年2月24日,农业部农药检定所组织有关农药科研、生产、应用和管理等单位共75名代表,在南京召开了菊酯类农药在水稻上应用专题研讨会。与会专家和企业代表就菊酯类农药在水稻上应用的可行性进行了充分讨论。大家一致认为,尽管菊酯类农药在水稻上应用可能存在影响水生生物、带来水稻飞虱再猖獗与抗性风险等问题,但考虑到取代高毒农药的迫切性,并且国外已有某些菊酯类农药在稻田应用的实际情况,建议选择部分菊酯类农药开展限制性试验研究,为评价菊酯类农药在稻田应用的可行性提供科…     

几种常用农药对棉,麦田益,害虫的影响研究

作者于1987～1989年对德州地区常用的十二种农药进行了保益灭害的研究。结果表明:(1)七星瓢虫的卵和蛹、叶色草蛉的卵对菊酯类农药反应敏感,对有机磷类农药反应迟钝;而七星瓢虫的幼虫对有机磷类农药反应敏感,对菊酯类农药反应迟钝(范广华等,(1988);叶色草蛉的幼虫除对速灭杀丁反应敏感外,对其它几种常用农药反应都较迟钝。(2)进行了8种农药对棉蚜最低浓度试验,在德州地区棉蚜对菊酯类农药已产生了严重抗性,不宜单独使用。(3)防治麦蚜提倡采用菊酯类农药,因麦蚜在一般年份达到防治指标时,田间天敌优势种七星瓢虫的虫态以幼虫为主,故应选用对其杀伤力小的菊酯类农药。     

八种菊酯类农药分析方法的梗概

近几年由于菊酯类农药使用效果好,用量少,对环境较安全,国际上对它十分重视。许多公司都投入力量开发研究菊酯类农药,不少新品种相继投产。我国从80年代初期开始研制并使用菊酯类农药,发展也十分迅速,近几年投产了一些品种,在农业生产上起到很大作用。     

应用氯氰灵防治多种作物害虫

近十多年来,生产上广泛使用菊酯类农药,这类农药较之有机氯有机磷农药有高效低毒之优点,但成本较高,有关科研单位通过多种途径将菊酯类农药中的无效体转为有效体,低效体转为高效体,并加入增效剂,以达到降低成本提高防效的目的。天津农药总厂近年开发2.5％氯氰灵是一种增效不增毒的菊酯类农药优良制剂。为探明其应用价值,     

大葱田甜菜夜蛾药剂防治试验

<正>近年来,甜菜夜蛾在许昌市魏都区蔬菜上频繁发生为害,对蔬菜生产安全构成了严重威胁,菜农习惯使用甲胺磷等高毒农药和菊酯类农药进行防治。随着甲胺磷等高毒农药的禁用以及该虫对菊酯类农药的抗性增加,迫切需要尽快筛选出替代防治甜菜夜蛾的高效、低毒、低残留农药。为此,笔者进行了甜     

棉蚜对菊酯类农药敏感性机理探讨

本文利用生物测定和生物化学的方法就棉蚜在1年中的4个时期(越冬期、苗期、蕾期和花铃期)对菊酯类农药敏感性变化进行了初步探讨。结果表明:棉蚜在1年中不同时期对溴氰菊酯和杀灭菊酯的敏感性变化较大,随着时间的推移,不敏感性呈上升趋势。解毒酶活力测定,羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力在不同时期变化规律同棉蚜对菊酯农药不敏感性变化顺序相一致,差异显著。专一性酶抑制剂与溴氰菊酯混用后增效结果表明,这两种酶活力的变化可能与棉蚜代谢菊酯类农药有关。     

十二种常用农药对七星瓢虫的影响

本文报道了1987年作者试验的12种常用农药对七星瓢虫(Coccinella Septem-punctata)卵、四龄幼虫、蛹及成虫的影响。卵和蛹对菊酯类农药反应敏感,对有机磷类农药反应迟钝;而幼虫对有机磷类农药反应敏感,对菊酯类农药反应迟钝。多菌灵及三氯杀螨醇对该虫的各个虫态基本无影响。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水体中的45种有机氯和菊酯类农药残留

本文研究了液液萃取-气相色谱方法测定水体中有机氯和菊酯类农药残留的方法。用环己烷从水体中提取净化45种农药残留,运用GC-ECD进行分析。用外标法定量,加标浓度分别为0.005,0.05,0.1μg/mL时,回收率在70.36~114.96%之间,相对偏差≤10%。方法检出下限为0.001~0.005μg/mL,用该方法可实现对水体中农药残留的检测。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.