防治甜菜夜蛾有效药剂的研究

对豇豆和苋菜上甜菜夜蛾进行了药剂筛选 ,室内外试验结果表明 ,对甜菜夜蛾药效最好的为除尽。室内试验24、48、72h后 ,除尽50mg/L校正死亡率为91.1%、100%和100% ,青虫绝300mg/L48、72h后校正死亡率为85.1%和93.8%。其次为米满200mg/L 72h后校正死亡率为100% ,氟铃脲50mg/L 48、72h后校正死亡率为82.9%和94.5%。田间施药 1、3、7d后 ,除尽1000倍液的防效分别为98.3%、99.7%和95.9% ,米满为51.7%、93.0%和 96.3% ,青虫绝为65.4%、88.2%和93.1% ,氟铃脲为31.8%、89.3%和100% ,CP₁为70.5%、91.8%和96.5% ,CP₂为38.8%、85.7%和100.0% ,CP₃为78.6%、100.0%和91.6%。但甜菜夜蛾对好年冬、灭多威、辛硫磷和氯氰菊酯具有较高的抗性水平     

大豆除草剂对2种丛枝菌根的影响

 在接种Glomus intraradices和Glomus mosseae的大豆植株盆栽钵中,按大田常规用量,施用乙草胺、丁草胺、灵达、骠马和精喹(禾灵)5种除草剂,显著减少了大豆植株的生物量和土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量,降低了丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycor-rhiza,AM)真菌侵染率、菌丝碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)活性。处理6周后,显著降低大豆植株生物量的除草剂为乙草胺和丁草胺,植株生物量前者为12.6、14.5 g,后者为12.7和15.5 g,影响较小的为精喹(禾灵)(植株生物量各为20.8、23.5 g),而对照的生物量为29.5、30.8 g;显著减少AM真菌侵染率的除草剂为丁草胺(AM真菌侵染率为17.4%、24.1%),影响较小的为乙草胺和灵达(前者为29.3%、30.7%,后者为26.3%和32.2%),而对照侵染率为78.5%、62.4%;显著降低AM真菌菌丝ALP和SDH酶活性的除草剂为丁草胺(ALP为10.2%、13.6%,SDH为13.5%、18.8%),影响较小的为乙草胺和灵达(前者ALP为15.7%、17.4%,后者为13.9%、17.8%,SDH前者为22.4%、23.5%,后者为19.8%、25.0%),而对照的ALP为47.0%、36.3%,SDH为62.7%、48.4%;此外,除草剂也使土壤中AM真菌菌丝的总量显著减少。     

秸秆复合管水力性能初探

简述了秸秆复合管的制作方法,进行了秸秆复合管地下灌溉田间测试,研究了秸秆复合管地埋后的灌水效果。试验以秸秆复合管的秸秆掺量和管长为主要因素,分析了出流量、入渗速率和灌水均匀度等灌水指标。结果表明:在秸秆掺量为5%、7%、9%水平下,管长为3.5 m的秸秆复合管单位长度累计出流量比管长为1.0 m的秸秆复合管分别高出71.66%、77.52%、8.14%,灌水均匀度分别减小3.60%、5.45%、13.72%。在管长为1.0 m和3.5 m水平下,秸秆掺量为7%和9%的秸秆复合管单位长度累计出流量分别比秸秆掺量为5%时减少了12.60%、15.80%和9.09%、18.70%。秸秆掺量为7%时,不同管长的秸秆复合管入渗速率的波动程度最小,出水性能相对稳定。秸秆掺量为7%时,管长为1.0 m秸秆复合管的灌水均匀度达到85.00%,秸秆掺量为5%时,管长为3.5 m秸秆复合管的灌水均匀度达到81.38%。综合考虑出流量、入渗速率、均匀度等试验指标,认为秸秆复合管具备作为灌水毛管用于田间灌溉的条件,秸秆掺量在5%～7%时,秸秆复合管的水力性能最优。     

在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用测定玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯残留

建立在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用测定玉米中莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯农药残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈和水(体积比50∶50)震荡提取后,Florisil固相萃取柱净化,采用在线GPC-气相色谱-质谱联用进行测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。在此条件下,莠去津、乙草胺和2,4-滴丁酯最小检出浓度均为0.02mg/kg。莠去津方法平均回收率为98.0%～107.0%;相对标准偏差为3.4%～14.0%;乙草胺平均回收率为72.0%～105.6%;相对标准偏差为4.7%～10.5%。2,4-滴丁酯平均回收率为81.0%～107.6%;相对标准偏差为6.8%～10.2%。     

雨久花对水星、农得时耐性的早期诊断研究

吉林省龙井市出现对水星、农得时具有耐性的生物型雨久花,耐性生物型GR50值比感性生物型分别高2.42倍和2.8倍。水星标准量处理下,切断部分根茎组织的耐性生物型雨久花株高和根长抑制率为7.5%和8%,感性为45%和76%;农得时标准量处理下,切断部分根茎组织的耐性生物型的株高和根长抑制率为-6.5%和6.50%,感性为30.5%和65%。     

波长、密度和光强对黏虫趋光行为的影响

为提高灯光诱控黏虫Mythimna separata的选择性与效果,采取成虫趋光反应行为试验箱分别测定14种单色光波LED灯下、不同试虫密度下及不同光强下黏虫的趋光行为。结果表明：在18：00—21：00时段,不同光照时间下,试虫密度为20头时黏虫成虫趋光率最高;在光强为40~640 lx下,光强对黏虫成虫趋光率无显著影响,当光强为160 lx时,黏虫雌、雄成虫趋光率最高,分别为52.0%和27.6%;在365~660 nm波长范围内,雌成虫的趋光率显著高于雄成虫。当波长为420、590、600、630和660 nm时,黏虫雌成虫的趋光率较高,分别为41.0%、40.0%、41.0%、40.6%和45.0%;当波长为365、380、445和480 nm时,黏虫雌成虫的负趋光率较大,分别为33.6%、24.6%、20.0%和20.6%;当波长为570、590、630和660 nm时,黏虫雄成虫的趋光率较高,分别为33.6%、32.4%、30.8%和33.2%;当波长为365、590、600和630 nm时,黏虫雄成虫的负趋光率较大,分别为21.2%、20.2%、21.8%和21.2%,表明黏虫趋光行为主要受波长影响,且雌、雄成虫敏感波长不同。     

几种药剂防治柑橘黑斑病的田间药效试验

为筛选出防治柑橘黑星病的有效药剂,以南丰蜜橘为研究对象,对柑橘黑斑病进行田间防治试验。结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑1000倍防治效果最好,防治效果为92.32%;80%代森锰锌+70%甲基托布津复配500倍防治效果次之,防治效果为91.45%;依次是80%代森锰锌400倍、70%甲基托布津400倍和10%苯醚甲环唑1500倍,防治效果分别为87.32%、84.65%和83.56%。     

烟嘧磺隆的高效液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱内标法,以乙腈 水为流动相,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯为内标物,使用SymmetryShieldTMRP-C18不锈钢柱和二极管阵列检测器,在237nm波长下对试样中的烟嘧磺隆进行分离和定量分析。结果表明烟嘧磺隆的线性关系系数为0.9998,测定4%烟嘧磺隆悬浮剂时,标准偏差为0.029,变异系数为0.70%,平均回收率为99.92%;测定烟嘧磺隆原药时,标准偏差为0.23,变异系数为0.26%,平均回收率为100.16%。     

8种杀菌剂对西兰花菌核病的防治效果及对制种产量的影响

本文开展了8种杀菌剂对制种西兰花菌核病的防治效果试验。结果表明8种杀菌剂均有防治效果,以40%菌核净可湿性粉剂的防治效果最好,防效为99.19%,比空白对照增产167.05%,千粒重最高,达到5.38g;其次为2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂,防效分别为82.39%和81.69%,比空白对照分别增产147.44%和151.70%,千粒重分别为5.34和5.36g。其他杀菌剂的防治效果为51.06%~73.23%,比对照增产76.99%~107.39%,千粒重为4.73~5.28g,空白对照的千粒重为3.23g。综合分析认为,制种西兰花菌核病的防治可选用40%菌核净可湿性粉剂、2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂等3种杀菌剂,并交替轮流使用。     

土地利用变化及驱动因素分析--以内蒙古准格尔旗为例

以内蒙古准格尔旗为例 ,对陕晋蒙农牧交错区土地利用变化及驱动因素进行分析。准格尔旗 1987～ 2 0 0 0年间 ,土地利用数量变化十分之快。其中 ,建设用地年变化率为 2 0 .6 3% ;林地年变化率为 14 .5 7% ;交通用地年变化率为 8.19% ;园地面积年变化率为 7.82 % ;未利用土地年变化率为负 6 .0 5 % ;牧草地年变化率为 3.6 3% ;耕地年变化率为负 2 .33% ;水域面积年变化率为 1.6 8%。土地利用结构发生了较大变化 ,耕地和未利用土地占比分别减少了 6 .7%和 2 4 .9% ,其它用地类型占比均有增加。林地和牧草地占比增长较大 ,分别为 12 .0 %和 17.2 %。通过分析 ,提出了本区土地可持续利用总体发展模式和分区调控方向与措施。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.