10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂防治黄瓜根腐病田间药效试验

为明确10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果及使用剂量,以70%敌磺钠可溶粉剂作对照,采用田间试验研究10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,10亿活芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂对黄瓜根腐病具有良好防效,最佳使用剂量为3. 0g/株,防效均优于70%敌磺钠可溶粉剂,且对黄瓜生长安全,是防治黄瓜根腐病较理想的药剂之一。     

微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂防治水稻纹枯病的田间药效试验

对微生物杀菌剂及其混配剂对水稻纹枯病进行田间防治试验,结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂、井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂对水稻纹枯病有较好的防治效果。在发病初期施药,枯草芽孢杆菌10亿/g可湿性粉剂1500g/hm2防效为75.4%,产量增幅21.5%;井冈霉素·蜡质芽孢杆菌12.5%可湿性粉剂2880g/hm2防效为83.89%。可以作为井冈霉素的替代产品,进行推广应用。     

4种杀菌剂不同处理模式防治甘蓝根肿病田间药效评价

本文研究了30%氟啶胺·氰霜唑悬浮剂、500g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、100g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂和100亿个/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂4种杀菌剂在3种处理模式下对甘蓝根肿病田间药效的差异。试验结果表明:3种化学杀菌剂不同处理模式下对甘蓝根肿病的防效在60%左右,高于生物制剂枯草芽孢杆菌的防效(40%左右)。不同的处理模式下防效有一定的差异,但未达统计学意义上的显著水平。根据试验结果,推荐将试验的3种化学杀菌剂作为甘蓝根肿病防治的首选药剂,建议移栽前土壤喷雾1次,移栽前对秧苗进行药剂蘸根,移栽后1周左右再灌根1次。     

枯草芽孢杆菌结合3506-2基质使用防治甘蓝根肿病药效试验初报

本研究比较了5种不同措施防治甘蓝根肿痛的效果,结果表明:采用枯草芽孢杆菌粉剂(2.0×10~6cfu/g)400倍液结合3506—2基质处理防治根肿病平均发病率最低(13.70%)、病情指数最低(5.23)、防治效果最好(79.12%)、产量最高(8 094.05kg/667m~2),而且无农药残留,成本约180元/667m~2,符合生产绿色甘蓝食品发展方向,建议在大田防治甘蓝根肿痛中推广应用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治稻瘟病药效试验

选用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／克）和常规药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油对稻瘟病进行药效防治对比试验,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对稻瘟病的防治效果。试验结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂每667m2用10g对稻瘟病的防治效果迭95．28％．比对照药剂40％稻瘟灵乳油每667mz用60mL的防治效果81．15％提高14．13个百分点：每667rn2产量385．76kg,比40％稻瘟灵乳油对照区每667m2产量345．69kg,增产40．07kg,增产11．59％。每667m2减少施药用工10元．增加经济效益94．14元。建议在生产中每667m2用枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂（1000亿活芽孢／曲10g对水50奴于稻瘟病发病初期对水稻叶面均匀喷雾。     

4种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病效果

在田间出现晚疫病中心病株时,每667 m2用80%代森锌可湿性粉剂100 g、枯草芽孢杆菌15 g、68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂75 g、50%氟啶胺悬浮剂30 g防治马铃薯晚疫病,试验结果表明,68.75%氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂和50%氟啶胺悬浮剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果基本相同,且防治效果优于枯草芽孢杆菌和80%代森锌可湿性粉剂。     

蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂防治茄子青枯病试验

进行田间试验以明确蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂防治茄子青枯病的效果。结果表明,蜡质芽孢杆菌8亿个/克可湿性粉剂能够很好的控制茄子青枯病,防治效果明显高于对照,且对作物安全。     

防治韭菜灰霉病的药剂筛选试验

为筛选生产中防治韭菜灰霉病的适用药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了9种非化学杀菌剂对韭菜灰霉病病菌的室内毒力,发现10%多抗霉素B可湿性粉剂和100亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂的毒力最强,EC50值分别为0.004 1、0.007 6μg/mL;0.5%大黄素甲醚水剂和3亿CFU/g哈茨木霉菌可湿性粉剂的毒力较弱。田间药效试验验证,10%多抗霉素B可湿性粉剂、100亿CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂常规用量处理的防效分别为67.60%和61.01%,适用于田间韭菜灰霉病的防治。     

几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病田间防效及经济效益评价

本文评价分析了几种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防治效果和经济效益,结果表明,氟菌·霜霉威68.75%悬浮剂+丙森锌70%可湿性粉剂+赤·吲乙·芸薹0.136%可湿性粉剂组合处理的防效和经济收益最高,其次依次为氟啶胺50%悬浮剂+氰霜唑10%悬浮剂、霜脲·嘧菌酯60%水分散粒剂、枯草芽孢杆菌1 000亿芽孢/克可湿性粉剂。     

防治白菜根肿病的新型海洋微生物农药——解淀粉芽孢杆菌Txc2-1可湿性粉剂配方优化及药效研究

根肿病是十字花科作物的全球性重大病害之一,但可供选择的防治药剂非常有限。以本课题组筛选出的一株对十字花科白菜根肿病具有显著拮抗作用的海洋生境芽孢杆菌Txc2-1为研究对象,通过对载体和助剂的筛选以及采用混料设计确定Txc2-1可湿性粉剂最优配方,同时运用制备的30亿CFU/g可湿性粉剂进行盆栽试验和田间药效的考察。结果表明:Txc2-1可湿性粉剂最佳载体为轻质碳酸钙,最佳润湿剂为十二烷基硫酸钠,最佳悬浮剂为聚乙烯醇(PVA),这3种物质与Txc2-1菌株有较高的生物相容性,且具有良好的理化性能。通过混料设计确定其最优配比为m(轻质碳酸钙):m(十二烷基硫酸钠):m(PVA)=83:9:8。利用5 L罐培养液及上述配方进行喷雾干燥获得了30亿CFU/g Txc2-1可湿性粉剂(Txc2-1 WP);进一步盆栽(40 d)和田间(60 d)药效试验结果表明,Txc2-1 WP对白菜根肿病的防效分别达70.53%和66.84%。该解淀粉芽孢杆菌Txc2-1可湿性粉剂达到了国家质量标准,对白菜根肿病具有良好的防治效果,本研究结果为将Txc2-1开发成首个防治根肿病的海洋微生物杀菌剂奠定了基础。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.