玉米种质资源抗丝黑穗病鉴定与评价

在田间采用0.1%丝黑穗病菌土覆盖种子接种的方法,于2002-2006年对893份玉米种质资源材料进行了抗丝黑穗病的鉴定与评价。结果表明,表现抗病类型（高抗-中抗反应）的自交系材料有42份,占鉴定自交系材料总数的20.5%。其中,表现高抗丝黑穗病的有917、P12等14份材料,表现抗病的有91黄1、兴79等7份材料,表现中抗的有6116、9238等21份材料。表现抗病类型（高抗-中抗反应）的其他资源材料有12份,占鉴定其他资源材料总数的1.7%。其中,表现高抗的有3份,抗病的有4份,中抗的有5份。     

外引玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性鉴定与评价

2012-2013年,应用田间人工接种的方法对引进的165份国外玉米种质进行了玉米大斑病、灰斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病等3种病害同步抗性鉴定与评价,结果表明:引进的国外玉米种质对3种玉米叶斑病的抗性表现均存在差异,表现抗病的种质较少,大部分种质表现感病或高度感病;抗性种质均以中抗为主,表明国外玉米种质对3种叶斑病的抗病能力较低。筛选出一批单抗性种质和兼抗2种或3种叶斑病的多抗性种质37份,为抗病育种提供了重要基础材料。     

受玉米大斑病菌侵染后玉米抗感近等基因系SOD动态变化的研究

 以玉米抗、感大斑病菌近等基因系为材料,研究了玉米抗病系和感病系在接种玉米大斑病菌后SOD活性和SOD同工酶谱的动态变化。结果发现,在病原菌侵染初期携带显性抗病单基因的抗病系SOD活性一般呈下降趋势,明显地低于不携带任何已知抗病基因的感病近等基因系;在病原菌侵染中、后期却较大幅度上升,反而逐渐明显地高于感病近等基因系。在HZ1遗传背景中Rf值为0.25的SOD同工酶酶带,与Ht2和HtN等抗病基因的作用有关。本文认为SOD及有关活性氧代谢在玉米对大斑病菌抗性中可能具有重要的作用。     

忻城玉米纹枯病的发生情况调查及防治试验

王米纹枯病是我县玉米的重要病害之一.70年代以来,凡种植玉米的乡镇都普遍发生,局部地方春玉米受害较严重.产量损失一般10～20%,最高达64%以上.现将我站调查结果概述如下.1 病害发生与品种及环境间的关系调查1.1品种 几年来虽然尚未发现有高度抗病或免疫品种,但品种间抗病能力不同.如本地糯玉米、本地黄玉米、本地白玉米、忻农6号、南顶、桂顶、桂单16号、桂三1号、墨白94号等品种较抗病,病指为20～50;而白马牙、墨白1号等品种则比较感病,病指70～80,高的达95.5.1.2耕作制度 1981年在遂意乡调查:前作是玉米甚至连作几年的地块病原多,病     

玉米品种抗茎腐病鉴定

１９９１￣１９９５年采用自然发病和土壤接种方法鉴定了１５５０份玉米品种对茎腐病的抗病性,表现高抗的３９７份,中抗３０４份,中感３６４份,高感４８５份,经重复鉴定,筛选出７６份抗性稳定的自交系和杂交种。不同抗性品种用肿囊腐霉菌和串珠镰刀菌接种测定,抗性反应基本一致,人工接种比自然发病鉴定效果好,通过病圃自然发病初筛,人工土壤接处复选,可准确鉴定大量材料的抗病性。     

玉米灰斑病发生流行规律及品种抗病性

 玉米灰斑病近年来发生严重,对玉米生产造成很大危害。玉米灰斑病病原菌主要在病残体上越冬,病残体上的分生孢子在7月中下旬有较高的萌发率。玉米灰斑病于7月上旬开始发病,在8月中下旬至9月上旬为发病盛期。田间温度、相对湿度和7月份降雨量都影响病害的发生和发展。降雨量大、相对湿度高、气温较低的环境条件有利于病害的发生和流行。玉米杂交品种和自交系对玉米灰斑病表现的抗性差异较大,感病的杂交品种有掖单13、丹605和丹2181,抗病杂交品种有丹中试61、辽9505、沈9728、辽306、丹3079、丹3034;抗病的自交系有9046、冲72、J599-2、齐319、丹黄25、79532、598,凡具有热带血缘的自交系都是抗病的。     

云南省玉米白斑病病原菌鉴定与品种田间抗性评价

为明确近年来云南省严重发生的玉米白斑病病原菌及不同玉米品种对玉米白斑病的抗性差异,2021年于云南省昆明市阿子营乡和曲靖市罗平县九龙镇采集病样,进行病斑组织分离纯化,通过形态学特征和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行鉴定,并在云南省曲靖市罗平县九龙镇采用田间自然发病方法对622份玉米品种的抗性进行鉴定。从2个采样地点的病叶中各分离出5株和9株菌株,经柯赫氏法则验证,确定了菌株WS-1、WS-191为白斑病致病菌;经形态学观察以及基于ITS、rpb2、tub2和LSU基因序列构建的系统发育树分析结果确定其分类学种名为宽颈附球菌Epicoccum latusicollum。田间抗病性试验结果表明,在622份区域试验品种中对白斑病表现高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别为4、184、216、186和32份,分别占品种总数的0.64%、29.58%、34.73%、29.90%和5.14%。     

贵州玉米抗旱种质资源的多样性研究

以从贵州收集保存的1000多份玉米地方种质资源中筛选出的23份抗旱种质为材料,对其植株形态、产量因素、ASI(散粉与抽丝间隔时间)等11个性状进行田间观测,研究评价其抗旱适应性.结果表明:贵州玉米地方种质资源存在丰富的抗旱多样性.以抗旱系数和抗旱指数为主要评价指标,兼顾其稳产性和丰产性,表现优良的种质有:榕江刺红苞谷,罗甸桔黄苞谷,望谟黄苞谷,紫云尖嘴红包谷,望谟麻山红苞谷,紫云黄苞谷等.这类地方种质的绝对产量不高,但其稳产性和在干旱贫瘠条件下的丰产性优于杂交种.抗旱种质多来源于贵州省低热的望谟、罗甸、榕江、紫云等干旱频繁发生、土壤贫瘠的地区.     

山东省玉米生产品种和部分自交系对纹枯病抗性鉴定

连续两年对山东省72份玉米生产品种和30份自交系材料在田间进行纹枯病抗性鉴定,采用被病原菌侵染的高粱粒作为接种物,在玉米拔节中后期接种,按照国家玉米区域试验抗性鉴定标准进行病害分级评定和抗性评价。在102份材料中抗性级别为高抗、抗、中抗、感、高感的比例分别为1.96%、20.59%、24.51%、33.33%、19.61%,生产品种‘登海3号’和‘聊玉22号’对纹枯病表现高抗。     

玉米抵御鞘腐病菌侵染的生理机制

为深入探讨玉米抗鞘腐病的机制,以高抗品种浚单20、9058及中抗品种郑单958、郑58为材料,测定了接种层出镰孢后苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、木质素含量及抗病相关基因PR-1、PR-2a、LOX、MPI和GAPc的表达量.结果显示:接种后不同抗性材料叶鞘部位的防御酶活性均上升,多数在6h达到峰值,且高抗材料酶活性增幅较大;供试材料的木质素含量均上升,且高抗材料的含量高于中抗材料;PR-1、MPI、GAPc和PR-2a等抗病相关基因的表达呈上升趋势,而LOX的表达量变化趋势不明显.研究表明玉米对鞘腐病的抗性与防御酶活性、木质素含量及其抗病相关基因的表达量呈正相关.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.