植物化感作用在农田杂草防除中的应用

杂草是农业生产中的重要问题之一,给农业生产造成巨大损失,长期使用除草剂不仅污染环境,而且杂草易产生抗药性。植物化感作用作为一种天然的生态机制,为防治杂草提供了一种有效的方法。本文就化感作用的基本定义、向自然界的释放途径、利用化感作用控制杂草的方法和植物化感作用在杂草防除中的应用前景进行了论述。     

广东省稻田杂草控制效果及影响因素

为了解常规管理条件下对广东稻田杂草的控制效果及其影响因素,于2015年对粤东、粤西、粤北地区及珠江三角洲的早、晚季稻田杂草进行了调查分析。结果表明:在常规控制措施下稻田中综合草害指数与水稻产量呈负相关,推荐剂量的除草剂不能有效控制稻田杂草的危害,特别是在早季需要辅以人工措施对稻田杂草进行管理。稻田杂草对除草剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。化学除草剂成本低,水稻种植者目前仍可以通过更换除草剂品种和加大剂量对杂草进行控制。化感抑草品种的推广需要在品质和产量上进一步满足生产的需要。在杂草耐药性增加、环境和政策要求减少化学除草剂投入的双重压力下,选育具有化感抑草效果的水稻品种,结合农艺措施,应该成为今后稻田控草的发展方向之一。     

小麦化感作用的种群生态位调节及其生态效应探讨

本文针对利用小麦品种化感抑草潜力控制杂草所涉及的生态效应问题,从化感作用、生态位理论及其关系的角度展开论述,探讨了小麦化感抑草潜力及化感品种释放后的麦田杂草种群消长动态及生态位变化趋势等生态效应及关键科学问题,以期为合理利用小麦化感作用及其化感品种抑草潜力有效控制杂草提供生态依据和重要基础信息。     

化学他感作用在杂草管理中的应用与展望

杂草与作物之间存在着化学他感作用,在杂草科学管理中利用化学他感作用是一个问题的两个方面,一方面是控制杂草对作物的异毒作用,另一方面是利用作物对杂草的异毒作用。通过栽培管理措施、利用基因工程和育种技术可提高作物的异毒作用。控制杂草的异毒作用,进行抗杂草基因的转移和物种选育,可培育抗杂草作物品种和开发生物除草剂。利用化学他感作用也存在一定的困难。     

首届中国植物保护学会科学技术奖获奖成果介绍 杂草胜红蓟、马樱丹和三裂叶豚草的化感作用及其管理利用（二等奖）

在系统分离鉴定胜红蓟化感物质的基础上,揭示了胜红蓟释放化感物质的途径和环境响应机制。发现营养缺乏、植物竞争和病虫害等自然胁迫因子能使胜红蓟产生化学响应抵御逆境;而面对机械损伤和除草剂等人为胁迫因子则不产生相应的响应机制。证实引种到柑橘园的胜红蓟向土壤中释放化感物质是通过一个可逆的二聚化过程抑制其他杂草和病原菌。同时,胜红蓟向柑橘因中释放的挥发性化感物质吸引和稳定天敌捕食螨,从而使害螨红蜘蛛的种群下降到非危害的水平,表明特定农业生态系统中的化感杂草可以对其他有害生物产生自然的化学调控。     

农艺措施和除草剂用量对化感稻产量及杂草生物量的影响

为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。     

化感作用及其在杂草防除中的应用

化感作用在植物界中广泛存在,在杂草防除方面潜力巨大.重点对化感作用的判定、化感物质的释放途径、化感作用的作用机制及其在杂草防除中的应用进行了讨论,并对化感作用在杂草防除中的应用方式和应用潜力进行了探讨.     

青海高原干旱地区小麦主栽品种田间化感作用评价

为探索以小麦和杂草共存的生态群落为基础的生态防控技术,采用田间小区自然生长的方法,对青海高原10个主栽小麦品种(系)的化感作用进行评价。通过计算各小麦品种(系)对田间主要杂草各项生长指标的抑制率、化感指数,综合评价各小麦品种(系)在田间的控草作用强弱。结果表明:各小麦品种对田间杂草总株数抑制率为23.67%~45.85%,鲜重抑制率为43.64%~76.23%,干重抑制率为34.19%~76.24%;10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草自生油菜(Brassica napus L.)和密花香薷(Elsholtziadensa Benth.)的化感指数(RI值)绝大多数为负值,说明10个品种(系)对田间优势杂草种群均表现出抑制作用,其中高原448号品种田间化感抑草作用最强。基于最远邻近距离法,将10个小麦品种(系)进行聚类分析得出:高原448号、阿勃化感抑草作用最强,高原437号、青春38号、乐麦5号、互麦14、互麦15号、通麦1号化感抑草作用中等,互助红和品系74化感抑草作用最差。     

水稻与杂草相互竞争和化感作用

水稻与杂草的相互关系有两个重要方面 :一是相互为获取水分、营养、光照等的竞争作用 (Ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ) ;另一是相互分泌某些化学物质而促进或抑制种子萌发、苗与根的生长 ,称为化感作用 (ａｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙ ,又译为植化相克、植化作用、他感作用 )。竞争作用的研究包括了解稻田杂草的优势种群 ,杂草与水稻竞争的临界期 ,为化学、人工、机械等除草时间提供依据。了解作物品种、耕作制度、栽培技术对相互竞争的影响 ,以便充分利用上述因素抑制杂草 ,达到利用生态手段除草的目的。化感作用的研究 ,一方面查明杂草对水稻抑制的化…     

水稻化感作用与杂草的生物防治

自20世纪70年代不同作物化感抗(耐)杂草相继报道后,水稻作为模式植物和全世界最主要的粮食作物,在化感抗杂草以减少除草剂应用的杂草综合治理方面进行了广泛研究。各国科学家评价确定了一系列具有化感抗(耐)杂草的水稻种质材料以及化感活性物质,在此基础上开展了化感抗草生理生化机理、遗传学、新品种培育等的研究。水稻的化感抗(耐)杂草是水稻植株向环境释放化学物质从而抑制或影响周围杂草生长的作用,以化感作用控制有害生物是利用植物体的自身防御或抗逆能力,是一种资源节约、环境友好的杂草生物防治方法,有助于促进农业的可持续发展。本文就化感作用、水稻化感抗性评价、抗性机理、化感作用抗(耐)杂草的进展进行概述。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.