中外植物产品检验检疫分级分类管理的比较

本文介绍了国际植保组织基于有害生物风险的商品分类管理、国际植物检疫措施标准、国外实施植物检疫风险分级管理的做法以及我国植物检疫风险分级分类管理的现状,对我国实施植物检疫风险分级分类管理提出了建议.     

贵州省菜豆象检疫风险分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,定性、定量分析菜豆象[Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)]在贵州扩散的检疫风险。结果表明,菜豆象的综合风险值为2.18,属高度危险检疫性有害生物,对贵州省豆类的产量和品质具有很大威胁。针对实际情况提出风险性管理对策。     

提高出境木质包装检疫质量方法探索

出境木质包装实施国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM15)后,厦门口岸针对出现的问题采取了有效的检疫监管措施.本文介绍在木质包装跨区检疫、非法检货物木质包装检疫监管以及IPPC标识防伪等工作经验,并对进一步做好出境木质包装检疫监管进行探讨.     

SPS协议与我国进出境植物检疫应对措施

通过对SPS协议和我国现行植物检疫措施的分析，提出了按照国际惯例，建立在我国植物检疫技术法规体系，统一国外检措施和标准，进一步完善以有害生物风险分析，疫情监测，国内外疫情数据库建设为主的有害生物检疫监控体系。     

斑马片病入侵中国的风险分析及管理对策

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)第2号有害生物风险分析框架和第11号检疫性有害生物风险分析程序,从斑马片病的国内外分布状况、潜在危害性、受害栽培作物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对其在中国的风险性进行了多指标方法分析。结果表明,斑马片病在中国的综合风险值R为2.48,其病原Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum为高度危险的有害生物。针对该病提出了相应的风险管理对策。     

丁香疫霉随进口美国柑橘果实传入中国风险分析

按照FAO国际植物检疫措施标准——检疫性有害生物风险分析(ISPM No.11),对丁香疫霉(Phytophthora syringae)随输入美国柑橘果实传入中国开展风险分析。风险评估结果表明,丁香疫霉随美国柑橘果实进入可能性中,定殖可能性高,扩散可能性中,后果评估结果高,总体风险中。并提出了风险管理方案。     

樱桃番茄境外(越南)种植的有害生物风险分析

根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,结合相关文献,从传入的可能性、定殖的可能性、扩散的可能性和经济重要性4个方面对在越南种植的樱桃番茄进行有害生物风险分析,提出应予以关注的检疫性有害生物名单及风险等级,并就风险管理提出措施和建议。     

我国进境植物检疫性菌物检疫鉴定标准浅析

我国现行进境植物检疫性有害生物名录中共收录130种检疫性菌物。本研究在收集整理现行检疫性菌物检疫鉴定标准基础上,对该类标准的历史、现状进行了分析,探讨了检疫性菌物标准的特点,针对我国植物检疫性菌物检疫鉴定标准的发展与完善提出了建议。     

浅谈国际植物检疫措施对我国进境植检工作的启示

进境植物产品传播有害生物的风险日益增大,加上检疫难度提高、检疫工作量增大和快速通关放行的要求,迫切需要借鉴国际先进经验,建立符合现行国际惯例的植物检疫技术措施。在搜集整理国际通用的植物检疫措施的基础上,对我国进境植物检疫工作存在的不足进行了初步探讨,并提出相应建议。     

IPPC新发布10项植物检疫措施标准

继1993年首项国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)《关于植物保护和在国际贸易中应用植物检疫措施的植物检疫原则》(ISPM 01)发布以来,目前IPPC共发布了36项ISPMs,其中大部分标准经历过修订。以下列出2012年5月新发布的10项制定或修订的ISPMs:     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.