珠海局全国首次截获重要害虫酸豆黑脉斑螟

2013年3月珠海出入境检验检疫局拱北办从澳门进境旅客携带的酸豆(Tamarindus indica)中截获了酸豆黑脉斑螟(Mussidia pectinicornella),这是我国口岸首次截获该种有害生物。本文对酸豆黑脉斑螟的寄主、分布及成虫形态特征进行了描述,并对其DNA条形码鉴定方法进行了介绍。     

深圳皇岗口岸截获多起疫情

深圳皇岗局的检验检疫人员1月份多次在进境检疫中截获重大疫情。从日本来货的木质包装物上截获松材线虫3批;从加拿大进口的黄豆中截获三裂叶豚草种籽1批;从印尼进口的食品香料中截获田旋花种籽1批深圳皇岗口岸截获多起疫情$深圳皇岗出入境检验检疫局@李一农@陈雪娇$深圳皇岗出入境检验检疫局     

北京口岸全国首次截获有害生物可乐果象甲

北京出入境检验检疫局从赤道几内亚入境旅客携带的可乐果中检出象甲,经技术中心植物实验室鉴定,并由德国象甲分类学家Jens Prena复核,确认为Balanogastris kolae(Desbrochers,1895),依据其拉丁学名及寄主植物,将其中文名称命名为可乐果象甲。经中国检科院动植物检疫信息资源共享服务平台查询,系全国口岸首次截获。可乐果象甲是危害非洲热带地区主要经济作物可乐树种子的主要害虫之一,在田间、运输及储存过程中均可危害。本文对可乐果象甲成虫的分布、寄主、生物学与危害及形态特征进行了描述,拍摄了成虫整体图及鉴别特征图,供口岸检测人员检疫鉴定参考。     

全国首次截获危险性有害生物菲律宾粉蚧

2015年12月,山西出入境检验检疫局首次从岘港到太原VN458航班旅客携带山竹上检出菲律宾粉蚧(Pseudococcus philippinicus Williams)。本文对该虫形态特征进行了详细描述,并对其分布、寄主及国内外截获情况进行了相应介绍,同时列出了该种与其近似种的主要鉴别特征,提供了该虫取食寄主图片、重要显微特征图片,供口岸及科研机构鉴定参考。     

深圳口岸再次从日输华货物木质包装中截获松材线虫

20 0 0年 6月 9日 ,深圳文锦渡检验检疫局工作人员在对 1批日本输华货物木质包装查验时再次截获松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ(Ｓｔｅｉｎｅｒ＆Ｂｕｈｒｅｒ)Ｎｉｃｋｌｅ。该批货物有日本植物检疫协会出具的热处理证书。货主在我检验检疫人员监督下对该批木质包装进行了除害处理 ,这是深圳口岸自国家局、海关总署、外经贸部 2 3号公告执行以来第 1 1次从美、日输华货物木质包装中截获松材线虫。深圳口岸再次从日输华货物木质包装中截获松材线虫$深圳出入境检验检疫局@王伍     

广东口岸首次截获入侵果实蝇

2008年10月广州机场出入境检验疫局从印度旅客携带的苹果中检查发现有实蝇幼虫为害.进一步在室内培美羽化出成虫,经广东检验检疫局技术中心植检室专家鉴定为重要的检疫性害虫-入侵果实蝇(Bactrocera invadents Drew et al),为我国口岸首次截获.     

东兴局多次在越南水果中截获桔小实蝇

20 0 0年 9月 1 6日 ,我局在 1位越南旅游归来的旅客携带的青龙果上截获桔小实蝇。此前 ,我局已多次从旅客携带入境的越南产荔枝、龙眼、芒果中截获桔小实蝇。东兴局多次在越南水果中截获桔小实蝇$东兴出入境检验检疫局@李萍     

中山口岸从芒果中检出番石榴实蝇

2008年7月,中山出入境检验检疫局中港办旅检科工作人员从一位来自香港的旅客携带物中截获1批芒果,通过对芒果的检查培养,检出属于国家禁止入境的危险性害虫--番石榴实蝇 Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi),并经广东出入境检验检疫局复核确认.     

珠海拱北口岸从旅客携带的一批星苹果中截获两种检疫性有害生物

正2017年2月,珠海出入境检验检疫局拱北办事处工作人员在一名入境旅客携带的产地为柬埔寨的星苹果(Chrysophyllum cainito L.)中截获了两种检疫性有害生物——番石榴实蝇(Bactrocera correcta Bezzi)和桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel)。此次是从同一个星苹果中同时截获两种检疫性实蝇,在我国口岸鲜有报道。目前该批星苹果已被销毁。     

我国首次截获的检疫性害虫——双带果实蝇

沈阳出入境检验检疫局机场办事处于2008年7月从旅客携带的水果莲雾中截获了检疫性害虫一双带果实蝇Bactrocera albistrigata(de Meijere).该害虫在我国大陆尚未分布,为严防其传入,文章介绍了其形态特征、寄主、分布等,以供参考.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.