全球气候变化下宝鸡地区的响应

54 a来宝鸡市气温在波动中呈现出上升趋势,气温升高主要发生在20世纪90年代及以后;20世纪90年代气温变率最大,80年代最小。从季节分配来看,四季气温均有升高,但以春季增温最为明显。冬季气温的变化在20世纪80年代发生了较大变化,此后一直持续在0.7℃左右;降水量在波动中呈下降趋势,多雨主要发生在20世纪50、80年代,少雨期主要集中在70和90年代。降水变率在2000年后最大,20世纪70年代最小。从季节分配来看,夏季、春季降水量均呈减少趋势,冬季降水量则呈现增加的趋势。秋季降水变率最大。这对于以夏、秋季降雨为主的宝鸡市来说,是一个值得关注的问题;对降水量、气温进行相关分析,发现年总降水量与年平均气温以及春季、夏季、秋季降水量与气温均呈负相关。冬季降水量与气温呈正相关。二者之间均表现出显著线性相关,且通过了a=0.05显著性水平检验;近期宝鸡有向暖干化发展的趋势。     

近50年来铜川市气候变化特征分析

基于铜川气象观测站的气象观测数据,利用线性倾向率、线性拟合方程Mann-Kendall非参数检验等数理统计方法,对铜川市1961~2008年间的气温和降水进行详细分析,结果表明:1)近50年来,铜川市气候增温显著,各季气温增幅不一,冬季增温最大,为0.282℃/10 a,春季次之,为0.279℃/10 a,秋季增幅最小,为0.125℃/10 a。1990年代以后增暖趋势表现最明显,21世纪初增幅最大。2)近50年来铜川市全年降水量呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为-11.348mm/10 a,其中:冬季和夏季降水量呈增加趋势,而春季和秋季呈缓慢减少趋势,但降水的减少趋势大于增大趋势,总体降水量减少。3)铜川市平均气温在1990年代后期发生了由低温到高温的突变,而降水没有发生突变,表现出在波动中减少的特点。     

近60年科尔沁沙地的气候变化

处于季风边缘带的科尔沁沙地气候变化具有复杂性和敏感性特征,文中采用线性倾向估计、非参数检验等方法探讨了其变化规律。结果表明:近60年研究区的年均气温呈上升趋势,变化速率为0.37℃/10a,尤其是20世纪80年代中后期以来增温趋势更为明显。且年际极端最高、最低气温也呈上升趋势。在季节变化中,春、冬季增温明显,夏季和秋季变化略小。而年降水量呈稳中有降的总趋势,变化速率为-13.54mm/10a。且年际、季节的降水日数也出现减少趋势。在季节变化中,除了春季以外其它季节均有减少趋势,与SPI变化一致。气温与降水量总体上呈负相关关系,即气温上升与降水的减少相对应,因而该区气候变化呈暖干化总趋势。夏季气候变化与东亚夏季风强弱有一定联系。     

甘肃东部气候变化及冬小麦生长发育响应特征

分析发现1971年以来陇东黄土高原变暖特征明显,其中西峰半湿润塬区1971～2005年增温线性趋势0.0525℃/a,环县半干旱川区增温线性趋势0.0367℃/a,平凉半湿润半干旱过渡地区增温线性趋势0.0411℃/a.除了环县川区夏季增温不明显,其余各区域四季增温均比较显著,西峰塬区四季增温幅度最大,增温趋势最明显,平凉次之.增温表现出夏季、秋季、春季、冬季依次增强的趋势.西峰半湿润塬区年降水量呈减少的趋势,环县半干旱川区年降水量呈增加的趋势,处于半湿润和半干旱过渡带的平凉年降水量则没有明显变化,不同区域秋季降水量均呈现出减少的趋势.气候变暖对陇东不同气候区域冬小麦生态影响既有相同之处,也有不同之处,相同之处主要表现在停止生长期和乳熟期均没有明显变化,起身期提前趋势明显.不同之处体现在西峰播种期明显推迟,返青期明显提前,而环县和平凉播种期和返青期均没有明显变化;西峰、平凉分蘖期明显推迟,抽穗期明显提前,而环县分蘖期和抽穗期没有明显变化;西峰、环县成熟期显著提前,全生育期日数显著缩短,而平凉成熟期和全生育期日数则没有明显变化;另外,西峰、平凉冬前及早春分蘖减少,越冬死亡率大幅度下降,产量显著增高,西峰、环县灌浆期显著延长,成熟期显著缩短,环县越冬死亡率较高时段对应秋春季降水偏少时段,产量增幅不大,增产趋势不明显.综合分析认为,西峰半湿润塬区气候变暖特征最明显,气候变暖对冬小麦的生态影响最显著.     

华北段农牧交错带气候变化特征及其响应

依据华北段农牧交错带1961-2010年气象资料,利用标准化降水指数(SPI)、Mann-Kendall检验等方法对研究区的气候变化特征进行了分析。结果显示:1)近50a来,华北段农牧交错带以1987年为界划分为两个时期,此前为冷期,此后为暖期。其年平均气温线性增温速率为0.35℃/10a,冬季增温最显著,其次为春季、秋季、夏季。气温在1993年发生突变。2)年降水量呈下降趋势,倾向率为-6.51mm/10a,夏季降水的减少对其贡献率最大。3)气温突变后,极端旱涝灾害事件减少,中旱灾害频率在增加,气候变化整体呈现暖干趋势。     

银川平原气候变化特征分析

利用宁夏银川平原4个气象站1961-2006年气象观测资料,对季、年值时间序列进行气候变化分析,结果表明:银川平原近46a低层和高层年平均气温均呈增温趋势,低层比高层增温时间滞后,冬季增温幅度最大,低层各季增温均非常显著,高层春季、秋季、冬季增温显著;年平均最高和平均最低气温也均呈增温趋势,平均最高气温秋季、冬季增温显著,平均最低气温春季、夏季、冬季增温显著;年降水量呈减少的趋势,各季降水量增减变化不显著;年日照时数呈明显减少的趋势,冬季减少显著。     

西安市气温和降水变化趋势分析

利用西安市1961-2009年的月平均气温与降水资料,对西安市气候特征及动态变化进行分析。结果显示：年平均气温及春、秋、冬季气温呈上升趋势,增温率分别为0.3 ℃/10 a,0.54 ℃/10 a,0.23 ℃/10 a和0.42 ℃/10 a,春、冬季升温明显。1月平均气温总趋势上升,升温率为0.23 ℃/10 a,20世纪80年代开始7月升温明显。年降水量有减少倾向,春、秋季降水明显减少,其中春季减少率为-14.8 mm/10 a,而夏季降水明显增加,增长率为21.8 mm/10 a,冬季降水小幅度增加。80年代及2001-2009年汛期年均降水较多。春、夏、秋季气温与降水有较好的相关性,而全年及冬季气温与降水相关规律不明显。     

Analysis on the Change Trend of Temperature and Precipitation in Xi＇an during the Period of 1961-2009

利用西安市1961-2009年的月平均气温与降水资料,对西安市气候特征及动态变化进行分析。结果显示：年平均气温及春、秋、冬季气温呈上升趋势,增温率分别为0.3℃/10 a,0.54℃/10 a,0.23℃/10 a和0.42℃/10 a,春、冬季升温明显。1月平均气温总趋势上升,升温率为0.23℃/10 a,20世纪80年代开始7月升温明显。年降水量有减少倾向,春、秋季降水明显减少,其中春季减少率为-14.8 mm/10 a,而夏季降水明显增加,增长率为21.8 mm/10 a,冬季降水小幅度增加。80年代及2001-2009年汛期年均降水较多。春、夏、秋季气温与降水有较好的相关性,而全年及冬季气温与降水相关规律不明显。     

山西省太原市1951-2008年气候变化态势分析

利用太原气象观测站1951-2008年的气温和降水资料,采用数理统计分析方法对太原市近58年的气候变化的特征和规律进行分析。结果表明:58年来太原市年平均气温呈现非连续性上升趋势,线性倾向值为0.34℃/10年,各季的变暖趋势相同,但增幅依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。58年来降水总体为波动中明显减少的趋势。各季降水量也呈减少的趋势。综合气温与降水变化状况,太原市气候呈现暖干化的趋势。太原市降水和气温的年代分布具有明显的阶段性,显示气候变化具有阶段性、季节差异性特征。     

景泰县近50年来气温、降水变化特征分析

采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall、子波分析和功率谱分析等方法,分析了景泰县近50年年气温、降水的演变特征及对气候变暖的响应。结果表明:景泰年平均气温在1970年代中期发生了由降温到增温的转型,增温趋势明显,年平均气温增温率为0.32℃/10a。平均最低气温增温率高于最高气温,年平均日较差呈明显下降趋势,说明夜间增温高于白天增温。四季气温均呈上升趋势,但增温趋势表现出明显的季节非对称性,冬季增温最为显著,平均气温增温率达0.63℃/10a,为四季最高,秋季平均气温增温率为0.33℃/10a,春季为0.20℃/10a,夏季增温最小。降水量无明显的增减,但年际变化波动性较大。气温在1990年代中期发生增温的突变,降水没有突变现象发生。近50年来,景泰县气温的变化以8～10a、2～4a的周期振荡较强,年降水量变化的周期振荡以25a、9a、6a为主,在显著周期9a尺度上,两者为反位相变化结构,在5a时间尺度上自1990年代初期之后,降水与气温大致呈同位相变化。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.