油莎豆种质资源苗期耐盐性鉴定与评价

选取国内外油莎豆(Cyperus esculeutus L.)种质资源39份作为试验材料，采用水培法，在1.2%NaCl胁迫条件下对其进行盐胁迫处理，测定17个幼苗生长相关指标，并利用主成分分析(PCA)、聚类分析、隶属函数等方法综合评价油莎豆种质资源耐盐性并筛选耐盐种质。结果表明：不同油莎豆种质资源各项指标的变异系数范围是0.128～0.455,其中，叶宽、枯黄率、根长、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量等存在极显著差异(P<0.01);叶绿素和分蘖数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。通过主成分分析将17个指标转变成5个相互独立的综合指标，综合贡献率达到80.11%。干质量、叶绿素、茎粗、根冠比、分蘖数和组织含水量可作为主要耐盐评价指标。聚类分析将39份油莎豆种质划分为3个等级，依据CDC值及D值的分析结果，最终筛选出耐盐性强的油莎豆种质资源3份：JYD-35、JYD-40和JYD-3。     

小麦高代系的抗旱性状筛选与抗旱性评价

于2020—2021年度和2021—2022年度两个生长季,在杨凌抗旱棚（DS）、杨凌农作一站（YAS）和乾县试验站（QX）3个环境下分别测定了43份和20份小麦高代系的8个农艺性状及8个产量性状,通过计算抗旱指数评价各性状对小麦抗旱指标的贡献率,同时利用隶属函数法、聚类分析等方法进行综合分析,筛选抗旱性强的小麦高代系。结果表明,在干旱胁迫环境（DS）下,小麦的农艺性状和产量性状均受到不同程度的抑制。基于各性状对小麦抗旱指数的贡献度,筛选出生物量、产量、小穗数和千粒重等作为评价小麦抗旱性的重要指标。通过抗旱性综合评价值D和聚类分析将供试小麦品种（系）分为高抗旱、抗旱、中等抗旱、干旱敏感和干旱高敏感5个等级,两年度鉴定出21-1、21-34、21-39、21-18、21-2和22-17共6份高抗旱小麦品系。     

国内外301份小麦品种(系)种子 萌发期抗旱性鉴定及评价

以-0.5 MPa PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫环境，对301份冬小麦品种（系）在人工气候箱内进行种子萌发培养，在发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、根数、根长、苗高和胚芽鞘长度测定的基础上，应用隶属函数、聚类分析和因子分析等方法对小麦种子萌发期抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明，PEG胁迫下各指标测量值较对照均下降，且各指标之间存在极显著或显著正相关。利用隶属函数法进行抗旱性分析，发现不同小麦品种（系）间表现出较大差异，D值的变幅为0.08~0.95。通过聚类分析，将材料按抗旱性强弱分为5类：藁城8901等8份品种（系）为高度抗旱型，周麦22等29份品种（系）为抗旱型，鲁麦8号等116份品种（系）为中等抗旱型，石4185等83份品种（系）为干旱敏感型，烟农18等65份品种（系）为干旱高度敏感型。主成分分析表明，发芽指数、根长和根数在萌发因子、伸长因子和根部性状因子中的载荷量分别为0.96，0.88和0.91。不同抗旱类型麦区间的分布表明，8份高度抗旱型小麦品种（系）均来自国内，其中5份来自北部冬麦区。综合评价得到萌发期高度抗旱型种质分别是川麦44、皖麦33、藁城8901、CA9719、周8425B、宁冬10、新麦37和CA0958。发芽指数、根长和根数可作为小麦萌发期抗旱性鉴定的可靠指标。北部冬麦区可作为挖掘抗旱关键种质的重点麦区。     

油菜苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标评价

为提高油菜苗期抗旱性鉴定效率,筛选抗旱优异种质,以具有代表性的79份油菜为研究材料,通过PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫和盆栽苗期干旱存活率试验,分析油菜苗期在干旱胁迫下鲜重、干重、叶面积、相对含水量和抗氧化酶活性等12个指标的变化规律,结合抗旱系数和抗旱度量值(D值)为衡量指标,对油菜材料进行了抗旱性综合评价。结果表明,7个抗旱指标表现出显著差异,其中地上鲜重和叶面积平均降幅分别为69.5%和57.9%,过氧化物酶(POD)和脯氨酸(Pro)平均增加67.2%和294%。利用抗旱性度量D值评价不同品种的抗旱性,筛选出39个干旱敏感品种、8个抗旱品种、32个中度抗旱品种。D值与相对含水量(0.221~*)、地上鲜重(0.297~(**))、地上干重(0.253~*)、地下鲜重(0.321~(**))、地下干重(0.324~(**))、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性(0.276~*)、POD活性(0.496~(**))和Pro含量(0.745~(**))均呈显著正相关,可作为油菜苗期抗旱性鉴定的辅助指标。     

胡麻品种苗期抗旱性综合鉴定与评价

采用苗期反复干旱法,通过测定苗期8项生长指标,对16份我国育成胡麻品种进行苗期抗旱性鉴定评价,为生产上选用抗旱品种和进行抗旱种质创新提供理论依据。结果表明:干旱胁迫时,胡麻株高下降,苗鲜重、根鲜重和苗干重降低;根长、根干重和根冠比增加,植株成活率降低。根长与根鲜重、根干重和D值均呈极显著正相关;苗鲜重与苗干重和D值呈(极)显著正相关,与根冠比呈显著负相关。根冠比和反复干旱成活率可作为胡麻苗期抗旱性鉴定评价的综合指标。标准差系数赋予权重法可以作为胡麻苗期抗旱性评价方法应用。根据D值大小,参试品种苗期抗旱性由大到小为:轮选3号>伊亚4号>陇亚杂2号>宁亚19号>陇亚8号>定亚23号>天亚9号>陇亚10号>陇亚杂1号>晋亚11号>定亚22号>陇亚11号>陇亚13号>坝亚12号>坝选3号>晋亚10号,筛选出了抗旱种质2份,中抗种质12份。     

芝麻苗期干旱生理生化指标响应特征及其基因表达分析

为建立芝麻抗旱性快速鉴定体系及筛选芝麻抗旱品种，采用盆栽反复干旱法，设置正常水分（CK）和干旱胁迫（DS）两种处理，对31份芝麻材料进行生理生化指标测定和综合评价，同时利用qRT-PCR检测SOD合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明：芝麻苗期O^₂、可溶性糖（SS）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性与CK相比均显著上升，各指标综合抗旱系数和抗旱指数的变异系数最高的分别是SOD（98.64%）和O^₂（154.01%）；抗旱指数与O^₂含量、SOD活性呈极显著正相关关系，这两个指标可作为芝麻苗期抗旱性鉴定的重要指标。聚类分析将31份芝麻材料划分为5类抗旱类型，分别为高抗型、中抗型、低抗型、低感型和高感型。利用综合评价方法，筛选出高抗材料2份（‘汾芝10号’和‘豫-11-1’），中抗旱材料4份，低抗旱材料9份，敏感材料10份，高感材料5份；筛选出O^₂含量和SOD活性可作为芝麻种质资源苗期抗旱特性快速鉴定的指标。     

大麦苗期抗旱性鉴定及评价

为了了解20份大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)种质材料抗旱性差异,采用温室模拟干旱胁迫-复水法,对其苗期的相对含水量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶和株高等8个抗旱指标进行测定,利用相关分析、聚类分析研究了各项指标与种质材料抗旱性关系,综合评价其抗旱性。结果显示：叶片相对含水量与株高呈显著正相关,其余各指标间没有显著的相关性;以采用欧式距离法综合分析结果为依据,可将20份种质材料划分为3个抗旱等级,相对抗旱包括陇麦1号、新引D5、Z126V004W、新引D9、PREJTGE、SCARLETT、Z02751407、韭崎12号、Z127U016V、MAURITIA,中等抗旱包括 J13-80、新引D7、PASADENA、NCF-TIPPLE、甘啤6号,相对敏感包括黑引瑞、Z200V017W、新啤12号、BEATRIX、Z204V021W。     

棉花抗旱相关指标综合评价及灰色关联分析

以30份棉花资源为材料，在大田对棉花花铃期进行干旱胁迫，于胁迫第10天测定光合指标，并分别取样测定叶片丙二醛（MDA）、叶绿素（Chl a+b）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）等的变化，吐絮后测定农艺性状；同时采用抗旱系数、抗旱指数、灰色关联分析等相结合的方法，对棉花的抗旱性进行综合评价。根据抗旱性度量值（D值）聚类分析结果，将30份材料聚类为4个类型，高抗旱型品种有贝尔斯诺、川98、库克C310-5100、KK1543、中R2015；中等抗旱型品种有新陆早49、新陆中8号、中R773-1等13个品种；抗旱型品种有新陆早47、辽18、富依德998等8个品种；干旱敏感型品种有军棉1号、中R2009、新陆早26、新陆中58。通过灰色关联分析，16个指标与D值的紧密程度依次为有效铃数、总铃数、有效果枝数、Gs、Tr、果枝数、MDA、叶绿素总量、Pn、叶绿素b、株高、WUE、叶绿素a、Pro、Ci、SOD。在受到干旱胁迫时，棉花农艺性状表型指标敏感，同时MDA、叶绿素总量这2个指标反应较其它生理生化指标敏感，蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、净光合速率（Pn）相对其它光合指标较敏感。     

干旱胁迫下玉米自交系抗旱性评价及筛选

以39份玉米自交系为材料，2017—2018年在甘肃省张掖市设置田间自然抗旱鉴定试验，筛选抗旱鉴定指标，综合评价玉米自交系的抗旱性。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下，39份玉米自交系的粉丝间隔时间延长了0~3 d，株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、穗干重、籽粒干重、出籽率及百粒重均降低，其中，穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率3个指标分别为正常灌水处理的81.5%、79%和88.5%。穗干重、籽粒干重和出籽率与平均抗旱系数呈显著正相关，可作为玉米自交系抗旱鉴定的主要指标。利用加权抗旱系数法综合评价筛选出强抗旱玉米自交系10份，其中自交系E28、DH351、陇1222、浚92-8和黄早四，抗旱性达到极强。本研究所筛选到的抗旱自交系可在选育抗旱新品种中加强利用。     

116份藜麦种质资源萌发期抗旱性综合评价

采用不同浓度的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,对黑藜（黑粒）、青海红（红粒）、柴达木红（红粒）、雪藜（白粒）和青藜1号（白粒）等3个类型的116份藜麦品种进行干旱胁迫试验,确定藜麦萌发期适宜抗旱性鉴定的浓度,并对不同类型藜麦种质资源进行萌发期抗旱鉴定。以发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长、根长、鲜质量和萌发耐旱指数等8个萌发期相关指标为依据,采用主成分分析法、隶属函数法和聚类分析法对参试藜麦种质的抗旱性进行综合评价及分类。结果表明：20% PEG-6000可以作为胁迫试验的适宜浓度;采用此浓度对116份不同来源的藜麦种质资源进行萌发期抗旱性鉴定和各指标值的测定,再结合主成分分析和隶属函数法计算不同藜麦品种的加权隶属函数值,并以此进行抗旱性强弱排序;通过聚类分析将参试材料分为3大类群,其中第2大类群第1亚类群（Ⅱ₁）的29个藜麦品种抗旱性较好,可以作为后期抗旱品种培育的基础材料。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。