不同前茬与施氮量对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响

研究了不同前茬(冬油菜茬、冬小麦茬)与不同施氮量(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N120,120 kg·hm~(-2);N240,240 kg·hm~(-2))对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:施氮显著增加了夏玉米产量,与不施氮比较,冬油菜茬和冬小麦茬分别增产9.76%~24.88%和12.56%~22.50%,且冬油菜茬的产量高于冬小麦茬6.40%~11.05%。同一茬口不同处理间夏玉米田土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量为N_(240)N_(120)N_0,N_0、N_(120)和N_(240)处理下冬油菜茬土壤TOC含量分别高于冬小麦茬1.07~1.70、1.07~1.93 g·kg~(~(-1))和0.77~1.60 g·kg~(~(-1))。两种前茬下,夏玉米出苗至成熟土壤易氧化有机碳(EOOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,冬油菜茬土壤EOOC和POC含量分别高于冬小麦茬0.09~4.91 mg·kg~(~(-1))和0.05~0.27 g·kg~(~(-1))。施氮对土壤EOOC和POC的贡献率分别为0.34%~3.45%和10.14%~51.41%。综上分析,施氮有利于增加半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量,并能促进土壤有机碳库的积累。在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,复播夏玉米以冬油菜茬为优,且施氮量以240 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

北方旱寒区冬油菜不同后茬作物根际与非根际土壤肥力研究

以脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶4种土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状为指标,研究了冬油菜后茬作物油菜、胡麻、玉米和小麦的根际与非根际土壤肥力状况。结果表明,4种作物的根际与非根际土壤肥力差异较大。根际土壤的酶活性与理化性状均显著高于休闲对照,而非根际土壤只有脲酶、有机质含量和速效氮等优于休闲对照。相关性分析表明土壤酶与理化性状之间相关性较大,它们都是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。利用隶属函数法将各土壤肥力分为3级,各处理肥力状况依次为:小麦根际(珔F=0.72)胡麻根际(珔F=0.61)油菜根际(珔F=0.56)玉米非根际(珔F=0.44)胡麻非根际(珔F=0.39)小麦非根际(珔F=0.38)玉米根际(珔F=0.37)油菜非根际(珔F=0.29)休闲CK(珔F=0.15)。分析结果表明各项指标采用隶属函数法综合评价冬油菜不同后茬作物根际与非根际土壤肥力是可行的。     

寒旱区白菜型冬油菜适应性及利用研究

为探究冬油菜在甘肃张掖寒旱区种植的适应性,对8个白菜型冬油菜品种(系)的越冬率、冬前干物质积累、农艺性状及产量进行了分析比较,研究了冬油菜不同播种期对越冬率、产量等性状的影响,同时进行了冬油菜后茬复种模式研究。研究结果表明,在北纬38°左右、海拔180 m左右、极端最低气温-28.7℃的张掖及河西走廊,白菜型冬油菜能够露地正常越冬,且产量高品质好。冬油菜收获后,复种早熟大豆、马铃薯、油葵和蔬菜等作物,每667m2两季产值比单种小麦增收32.0%～154.4%,比单种玉米增收15.4%～108.6%,经济效益十分显著。在张掖及河西走廊发展冬油菜生产可以调整传统农业的一年一熟为一年两熟或两年三熟,增加复种指数,提高土地资源利用率和经济效益;同时,可增加冬春季土壤植被覆盖,减少沙尘源,改善生态环境。张掖及河西走廊宜选择抗寒性品种,并适当早播,播期以8月中旬为宜。     

EMS诱变对北方白菜型冬油菜农艺性状与品质的影响

为探讨甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理对北方白菜型冬油菜农艺性状和品质的影响,丰富白菜型冬油菜的种质资源,利用不同浓度(0、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%)EMS溶液对白菜型冬油菜陇油7号种子进行处理,对M_1形态学特征和农艺性状、M_2籽粒品质变化进行分析。结果表明:EMS处理使白菜型冬油菜产生较大变异,叶片出现嵌合性白化、花瓣白化、雌雄蕊畸形,除分枝数增加外,株高、主花序有效长度、主花序有效角果数、全株有效角果数、角果长度、角果粒数、千粒重等均显著降低,脂肪酸含量发生较大变化;在M_2中筛选到3株芥酸含量较低的植株和1株低硫苷含量植株,3株芥酸含量较低植株的油酸含量分别为48.56%、47.57%、45.08%,平均比对照高出15个百分点,芥酸含量分别为17.89%、19.03%、19.37%,平均比对照低10个百分点;低硫苷植株硫苷含量为21.97μmol·g~(-1)。产生有利变异的EMS处理浓度为0.3%~0.6%,处理时间为6 h。     

不同茬口条件下的作物根渗出物对大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)卵孵化影响

 取北方5种作物轮作茬口和休闲土壤种植火豆、玉米、小麦、亚麻和甜菜,出苗后22 d制备作物的根渗出物,观察其对大豆胞囊线虫卯孵化的影响。试验表明,麦豆麦迎茬的甜菜根渗出物在后期大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)的卵孵化率最高,豆麦米轮作茬的大豆根渗出物9 d后SCN的卵孵化率明显高于其它作物,米豆米茬口的玉米根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率较高,豆麦豆迎茬甜菜根渗出物SCN的卵孵化率明显高于所有供试作物,12年大豆连作茬甜菜从一开始卵孵化率就高于对照和其它4种作物,休闲区的5种作物根渗出物也有对SCN卵孵化的刺激作用。     

北方强冬性区白菜型冬油菜临界安全越冬率及产量补偿效应分析

以3个不同抗寒性的白菜型冬油菜品种为材料,在模拟不同越冬条件下,探讨越冬率对强抗寒性白菜型冬油菜产量、株型性状、角粒性状、生育期等的影响。结果表明:当越冬率在30%～100%范围内,随越冬率的增加,白菜型冬油菜产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,陇油7号、冬油2号越冬率为85%时产量分别为4 462.2 kg·hm~(-2)和4 057.0 kg·hm~(-2),达到最高值;天油4号越冬率为90%时产量最高,为3 591.8 kg·hm~(-2)。方差分析表明,陇油7号和天油4号越冬率大于75%,冬油2号越冬率大于70%时,越冬率变化对其产量水平无显著影响,而越冬率低于这一阈值时,其产量显著降低。回归分析表明,白菜型冬油菜越冬率与其产量的关系符合线性模型;相关性分析表明,白菜型冬油菜越冬率变化与植株分枝部位呈显著正相关(P0.05),与单株分枝数、角果长度和数量、粒数和粒重、单株重量等呈显著负相关(P0.05),种子、角果和侧枝的干鲜质量及蔗糖含量与越冬率变化呈显著或极显著负相关(P0.01或P0.05)。因此,冬前播种密度保持在65万株·hm~(-2)时,我国北方强冬性区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬临界值范围为70%～75%,不同品种的安全临界越冬率存在差异;在一定范围内,增加白菜型冬油菜的分枝和结实性能,对返青群体不足导致的产量损失具有补偿效应。     

玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主处理包括玉米秸秆还田(S1)和不还田(S0)2个处理,副处理为5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm~(-2)和336 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明,施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm~(-2)和79 kg·hm~(-2)时),秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理,施氮量较高时则相反;两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%,施氮336 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0~40 cm土层;施氮量高于84 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势,其中0~20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%(武功试验地)。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低,此期秸秆还田处理0~20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明,秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势,不施氮肥处理0~1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关,施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低,引起作物速效氮供应的短期(返青期追施氮肥前)缺乏,影响小麦生长,进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积,减少向下淋溶。     

冬油菜覆盖对土壤理化性状及微生物的影响

于2021—2022年在甘肃省兰州市永登县上川镇甘肃农业大学油菜育种基地设置5个不同类型冬油菜覆盖处理，即‘陇油7号’覆盖(SC)、‘天油2号’覆盖(WC)、‘陇油99’覆盖(LX)、‘陇油88’覆盖(SR)、‘天油2288’覆盖(WR),以冬闲无覆盖为对照(CK),通过研究冬闲田不同类型冬油菜覆盖对土壤理化性质及微生物的影响，以期为该区筛选适宜秋冬闲田覆盖的油菜类型提供依据。结果表明：五叶期白菜型覆盖量比甘蓝型高，进入越冬期后甘蓝型覆盖量高于白菜型；白菜型品种和甘蓝型品种均具有良好的覆盖效果，甘蓝型品种‘陇油88’和白菜型品种‘陇油99’在不同时期的覆盖效果各有优势，二者均可以作为冬闲覆盖材料。冬前甘蓝型覆盖各项光合指标均高于白菜型，甘蓝型品种较白菜型具有覆盖优势。冬油菜覆盖具有降低土壤容重和提高土壤孔隙度的作用，随土层深度的增加土壤容重和土壤孔隙度均表现为先升高后降低；冬油菜覆盖可以增加0～30 cm土层土壤含水量，白菜型覆盖的保水效果优于甘蓝型覆盖。与CK相比，覆盖处理0～30 cm土层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮、硝态氮含量分别增加了54.00%、85.00%、20.62%、1...     

北疆连作棉田轮作倒茬模式的研究

于2007~2008年在多年连作的棉田上进行不同茬口轮作倒茬试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤肥力及棉花生长的影响,从而筛选出适应棉田轮作倒茬的最佳种植模式。研究结果表明:不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的培肥效果总体表现最好;不同茬口的棉花产量表现为小麦-大豆→棉花加工番茄→棉花玉米//大豆→棉花小麦→棉花玉米→棉花CK。小麦-大豆或加工番茄可作为长期连作棉田的良好前茬。     

越冬作物覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的影响

为探索越冬作物冬油菜(Brassica rape)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、冬豌豆(Pisum sativum)的覆盖保水效应及对后茬大豆的影响,于2019—2020年和2020—2021年生长季,在甘肃省镇原县以地膜覆盖和露地为对照,比较了5种处理的地表覆盖度、耗水特征及后茬大豆水分利用效率和产量的差异,分析了越冬作物耗水量与生物量和地表覆盖度的相关性。结果表明：从出苗期到刈割期,冬小麦生物量分别较冬油菜和冬豌豆显著增加15.6%和130.5%(P<0.05),冬油菜和冬小麦具有更高的地表覆盖度,分别为89.2%和84.4%。冬油菜、冬小麦、冬豌豆的耗水量分别较地膜覆盖和露地增加50.4%和18.6%、150.2%和97.4%、41.6%和11.7%;冬油菜和冬小麦耗水量与生物量的相关系数分别为0.923和0.966,呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与地表覆盖度相关性不显著,冬油菜耗水量与地表覆盖度间有负相关趋势。在相对干旱生长季,冬油菜和冬豌豆耗水量分别较露地减少6.7 mm和7.5 mm,具有保水效应,冬小麦和冬豌豆后茬种植大豆具有更高的籽粒产量,产量水平分别为2 583.3 kg·hm^-2和2 550.4 kg·hm^-2,冬小麦后茬大豆的水分利用效率最高,2 a的平均值为8.3 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。综合分析地表覆盖度、耗水量、土层水分变化、大豆籽粒产量等因素,在本试验条件下,冬油菜、冬豌豆是西北旱作区冬季农田覆盖和土壤水分保持的有效措施,冬小麦是大豆种植的优势茬口。     

Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China

Reduced tillage provides ecological and economic benefits to arable land on the Loess Plateau of China, where soil erosion has long been a serious problem and soil water availability is largely restricted. However, high abundances of weeds in reduced tillage systems cause significant yield losses. In this study, we explored the effects of no-tillage and stubble retention on the number and density of weeds and weed seeds in a 12-year maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau. Four treatments including conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage+stubble retention and no-tillage+stubble retention were designed and applied. We found that no-tillage increased the number of weed species and weed density in most of the crops, while stubble retention decreased weed density in maize and tended to suppress weeds in both no-tillage treatments(no-tillage and no-tillage+stubble retention). No-tillage led to an increase in the number of weed species in the weed seedbank and tended to increase seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat, but it decreased seed density during post-vetch fallow. Stubble retention tended to reduce seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat and post-vetch fallow. We concluded that no-tillage can promote weeds in the experimental crop rotation, while stubble retention suppresses weeds in untilled fields. The combined effects of stubble retention and no-tillage on weed suppression varied among the three crops. Based on these results, we recommend stubble retention in untilled legume-crop rotations on the Loess Plateau to improve the control of weeds.     

Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil

The development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of mechanisms that influence compositional changes in weed flora. A 9-year study was initiated in 1988 at Delhi, Canada, on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of tillage systems [conventional (CT) and no-till (NT)] and cover crops (only in NT) on weed density, species composition and associations, and crop yield in a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)/bean/winter wheat rotation. Three bean types: soyabean ( Glycine max L. Merr.), white bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney bean ( P . vulgaris L.) were included. The NT system included variations: rye ( Secale cereale L.) or maize ( Zea mays L.) cover crop, volunteer wheat disked after harvest and wheat stubble. Data were collected in 1994, 1995 and 1996. Tillage systems, cover crops and crop type had differential effects on weed densities, species composition and associations. Weed densities were not affected by tillage or cover crops in wheat but, in the beans, densities were greater in the CT than in the NT systems. Various associations of weed species with tillage system, cover crop and crop type were observed. Crop yields were not affected by tillage type or cover crop, except that soyabean yields were highest in plots with cover crops.     

THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION FROM CEREAL CROPS ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF AVENA FATUA L. IN A NATURALLY-INFESTED FIELD

Summary. The effect of winter wheat, winter rye, winter barley, spring barley, and fallow cultivated as for a winter cereal, on germination and growth of wild oats ( A. fatua ) was investigated on a naturally-infested field. Treatments were continued for 2 years on the same plots and in the third year all plots were cropped with spring barley. Wild oats were not allowed to shed seeds.
A. fatua was controlled by a dense crop of an autumn-sown cereal. The crop genus was unimportant provided it grew well on the site; its effectiveness depended on its density when the wild oats germinated in spring. Winter wheat and winter rye were equally effective. Even in a light crop of barley, wild oats grew much less vigorously than on the fallow plots. Beyond a certain crop density dependent on soil fertility, further increase in crop did not decrease the size of wild oats. The heaviest crop did not completely suppress the wild oats.
The crop affected the wild oats mainly by decreasing growth of the seedlings, but under winter wheat and winter rye some wild oat seeds may have remained dormant, germinating in the spring barley in the third year, perhaps because the crops decreased the soil moisture content. Nitrogenous fertilizer increased the weight of both crops and wild oats. Barley was more severely affected by soil acidity than wild oats and on acid areas of barley plots the wild oats were larger than where the pH was higher. In wheat and rye which were scarcely affected by soil acidity the size of the wild oat plants was unaffected by soil pH.
L'effet du competition des céréales sur la germination et le développement d' Avena fatua dans un champ naturellement infesté .     

渭北地区残茬(秸秆)覆盖农田生态效应及应用技术实例

综合分析各地残茬(秸秆)覆盖试验结果,从土壤物理性状、土壤水分、土壤养分、土壤温度、农田杂草和水保性能等方面对残茬(秸秆)覆盖的农田生态效应进行了总结,并依据渭北地区实际,介绍了适合该地区旱地冬小麦、旱地春玉米和小麦—玉米一年两熟应用的残茬(秸秆)覆盖技术。     

基于低污染的宁夏引黄灌区13种种植模式氮磷平衡分析

针对宁夏引黄灌区农业生产中大量施用化肥对环境及农业退水污染严重的实际,本试验以宁夏引黄灌区现有小麦/玉米为对照,通过选择冬小麦复种水稻及组配麦后复种(蔬菜、青贮玉米、油葵等)等13种种植模式,研究不同模式在作物不同生长时期内土壤氮磷运移规律以及综合效益,选择利于农业清洁生产的种植模式。结果表明:相对于单作,间套作由于增加了田面作物的覆盖时间,对降低土壤氮磷残留量效果明显;以土壤氮磷为主要衡量指标,结合经济效益,筛选出了适合于该灌区大面积种植,经济效益较高的四种低污染模式为:冬小麦复种水稻、春小麦复种芹菜、冬小麦复种青贮、冬小麦复种油葵,四种模式中尤以冬小麦复种水稻效益最明显,土壤中氮流失总量比对照低56.2%,磷流失总量比对照低28.6%。     

Digitaria sanguinalis seed dormancy release and seedling emergence are affected by crop canopy and stubble

Digitaria sanguinalis is a troublesome annual weed that causes important yield losses in different crops. Despite this, there is scarce information about different aspects of its biology under field conditions. New knowledge about the establishment process of this species will be of paramount importance in order to maximise the effectiveness of weed management. The aims of this paper were to evaluate the effect of stubble found on the surface on seed dormancy levels through the season, the effects of stubble and soyabean crop canopy on seedling emergence and to determine the field emergence pattern as a consequence of seed dormancy level at dispersal time. Seeds on the soil surface, which showed a high dormancy level at the beginning of autumn, were released from dormancy by low winter temperatures and germinated during spring as temperatures rose, showing a transient surface seedbank. Seeds covered by stubbles had delayed the emergence in the field due to lower alternating temperatures perceived by the surface seedbank. On the other hand, the presence of a soyabean crop and stubble together reduced the number of seedlings. Seeds with a high dormancy level at dispersal time showed a delayed emergence in the next season when compared with seeds with a lower dormancy level. However, the final number of seedlings was similar. Both stubble on surface and crop canopy are useful factors to lessen and delay the seedling emergence allowing the design of weed management strategies in order to diminish the population levels of this species.     

青海高原长期复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响

为了深入了解青海高原地区麦后复种绿肥,翻压、留茬条件下小麦田土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)数量的响应以及微生物群落结构的变化,基于麦后复种绿肥毛叶苕子9 a定位试验,利用荧光定量PCR、高通量测序技术测定土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌数量及微生物群落结构。结果表明:在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,翻压绿肥可减施化肥30%,绿肥留根茬可减施化肥20%,且小麦、油菜表现为增产;化肥与绿肥毛叶苕子配施,土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物生物量氮均显著提高,其中处理70%化肥+绿肥翻压最高,提高幅度为1.26%～26.33%;绿肥不论翻压还是留根茬;与化肥配施产量增加且土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量显著增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB;其中施肥70%化肥+毛苕子翻压还田处理的土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量最高,增幅为54.84%～72.51%;小麦苗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量最低,至抽穗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量达到最高,成熟期又有所降低;绿肥不论全量翻压还是留根茬,与化肥配施土壤AOA、AOB数量均有增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB,表明不同土壤微生物丰度受种植模式、施肥量影响很大,长期复种绿肥、减施化肥提高了土壤微生物丰度和多样性,明显改变了微生物群落组成和结构。     

不同秸秆发酵还田对制种玉米田土壤肥力质量和玉米品质的影响

在甘肃省张掖市甘州区甘浚镇巴吉村连续15 a种植制种玉米基地上,进行了小麦、玉米、蚕豆、豌豆、油菜籽和葵花秸秆发酵还田对制种玉米田土壤肥力质量和玉米品质影响的研究。结果表明：6种发酵秸秆还田后制种玉米田0～20 cm土层容重排序为：小麦秸秆＜玉米秸秆＜豌豆秸秆＜葵花秸秆＜油菜籽秸秆＜蚕豆秸秆,孔隙度、水稳性团聚体和总持水量排序为：小麦秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞豌豆秸秆＞葵花秸秆＞油菜籽秸秆＞蚕豆秸秆。制种玉米田pH值排序为：小麦秸秆＜玉米秸秆＜葵花秸秆＜油菜籽秸秆＜蚕豆秸秆＜豌豆秸秆,CEC、有机质、速效氮磷钾、微生物数量、酶活性和制种玉米产量排序为：小麦秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞葵花秸秆＞油菜籽秸秆＞蚕豆秸秆＞豌豆秸秆。小麦秸秆与玉米秸秆、葵花秸秆、油菜籽秸秆、蚕豆秸秆和豌豆秸秆比较,碱解氮分别增加0.87%、3.51%、6.23%、8.07%和9.93%,速效磷分别增加2.20%、2.51%、6.45%、6.67%和7.57% ,速效钾分别增加1.98%、3.12%、4.59%、6.12%和6.40%,细菌数量分别增加3.66%、4.70%、11.03%、14.29%和19.54%,放线菌数量分别增加7.28%、8.87%、17.55%、27.01%和36.42%,蔗糖酶活性分别提高0.74%、3.70%、6.56% 、12.16%和13.41%,脲酶活性分别提高6.59% 、10.23%、16.16%、25.97%和30.20%, 磷酸酶活性分别提高3.67% 、5.16% 、7.62% 、8.26%和10.88%, 多酚氧化酶活性分别提高4.35% 、9.09%、30.91%、41.18%和50.00%,制种玉米产量分别增加2.03% 、3.17%、5.33%、6.36%和8.49%。 制种玉米可溶性糖、淀粉和粗蛋白含量排序为：小麦秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞油菜籽秸秆＞葵花秸秆＞豌豆秸秆＞蚕豆秸秆。小麦秸秆与玉米秸秆、油菜籽秸秆、葵花秸秆、豌豆秸秆和蚕豆秸秆比较,可溶性糖含量分别增加2.02%、7.75%、13.25%、18.52%和23.10%,淀粉含量分别增加2.05%、3.11%、6.28%、10.70%和14.13%,粗蛋白含量分别增加1.01%、5.11%、12.56%、13.41%和16.77%。施肥利润和肥料投资效率排序为：小麦秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞葵花秸秆＞油菜籽秸秆＞蚕豆秸秆＞豌豆秸秆。小麦秸秆与玉米秸秆、葵花秸秆、油菜籽秸秆、蚕豆秸秆和豌豆秸秆比较,制种玉米施肥利润分别增加 0.09、0.16、0.25 、0.31、0.40万元·hm^-2,肥料投资效率分别增加0.17、0.40、0.58 、0.77、0.97元·元^-1。因此,在玉米制种基地上推广小麦秸秆发酵还田,有利于解决土壤肥力质量下降、制种玉米产量和品质低而不稳的问题。     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

渭北旱地小麦留茬深松膜侧沟播耕作技术体系研究

试验结果表明,留茬、深松、膜侧沟播是融“深松储水效应”、“残茬覆盖保水增肥效应”和“起垄覆膜沟播聚水、保水、增温、透光效应”于一体的旱地小麦机械化保护性耕作技术体系,具有极好的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益;夏闲期留茬覆盖、深松耕可把占小麦全生产年度50％的夏闲期降水最大限度地蓄积并保存于土壤之中,较传统翻耕法多蓄水76.2mm,蓄水率达50％以上;在夏闲期多蓄水的基础上,种麦时再应用起垄覆膜沟播技术,既可以把夏闲期蓄积到土壤中的水分最大限度地保住,又可把小麦生育期的降水量最大限度地蓄住,加之地膜覆盖的增温效应,从而使旱地小麦的水、热条件明显改善,达到既增产增收,又保水保土的效果。