甘肃气候生产力格局及演变

为揭示甘肃气候生产力的区域响应特征,利用甘肃省分布比较均匀的64站50a(1957-2006年)实测气象资料,研究该区域气候生产力格局和时空演变.结果表明:甘肃气候生产力对气候响应的空间一致性程度低,形成河西走廊、中北部区、甘南陇南山区次区域一致空间格局;中北部区是甘肃响应最敏感的地方,河西走廊次之,甘南陇南山区最低;...     

甘肃省春油菜生育及产量形成对气候变化的响应

利用甘肃省春油菜种植区甘肃民乐县1987—2006年、合作市1987—1999年油菜生育期、产量资料及光温水气象资料,分析了气候变化特征及与油菜生长发育、产量形成之间的相互关系。结果表明:气候变暖背景下,甘肃油菜产区气温呈升高趋势,气温倾向率在0.28~0.31℃·10a-1,河西民乐产区气温增幅大于甘南合作产区。降水基本稳定,两地增(民乐)、减(合作)幅较小。关键生育期——苔花期降水民乐呈减少趋势,合作呈增加趋势;气候变暖使油菜生育进程加快,民乐现蕾—开花、开花—绿熟间隔日数减少趋势明显,1997—2006年平均日数较1986—1996年分别减少13 d和4 d;单位气候要素变化导致气候产量敏感程度不一,民乐产区降水影响以正效应为主,水分不足是产量提高的主要限制因子,最大影响时段出现在苔花期。合作产区光温影响以正效应为主,光温条件不足是主要限制因子,其次是现蕾—开花期降水呈正效应。总体而言,气候变化对高寒阴湿区油菜产量增加和品质形成更为有利,不利于温带草原气候区油菜生产,温带草原气候区应积极采取抗旱保墒、播种期提前等应对措施。     

甘肃省粮油产量对气候变暖的敏感性研究

为揭示甘肃各地粮食和油料作物产量对大尺度气温变化响应的程度，利用1981～2000年甘肃省各地小麦、玉米、马铃薯、糜子、谷子等粮食作物和胡麻、油菜等油料作物产量和相应4～10月的气温数据，采用EOF分析方法，研究了甘肃粮油产量对气候变化的敏感性。结果表明：小麦、玉米、胡麻产量对气候变化比较敏感，敏感区主要在河西地区，黄土高原地区对气候变化的敏感性不强；糜子、马铃薯、油菜在大部分地方不敏感，谷子基本不敏感。提出了农业产业结构调整的一些建议。     

近60年ENSO事件与甘肃气候灾害相关性研究

通过对甘肃省近60年来气象资料和历史资料的搜集和整理,根据陇南山地区、陇中黄土高原区、甘南高原区、河西走廊区、祁连山地区和河西走廊以北地区6个不同的区域的资料研究了ENSO事件对甘肃气候的影响。通过对降水量、气温、自然灾害事件等气候因子与ENSO事件的特征进行对比统计分析得出,ENSO事件对甘肃季风区的降水量的影响表现...     

河西走廊地区气候变化对灌溉春小麦生长的影响

应用甘肃省武威荒漠生态与农业气象试验站1981—2019年灌溉春小麦观测资料,采用线性回归分析、相关分析、Cubic函数等方法,分析了近39年气候变化对灌溉春小麦生长的影响。结果表明:1951—2019年该地区气候变化呈现暖湿化趋势,气温、降水量变化的线性倾向率分别为0.326℃·10a~(-1)、5.694 mm·10a~(-1);灌溉春小麦对气候变化的响应表现在春季发育期每10 a延后0～1 d,夏季发育期每10 a提前1～2 d,生育期每10 a缩短2～3 d,产量每10 a增加500～550 kg·hm~(-2)·10a~(-1);相关分析显示,气温对灌溉春小麦生长的影响程度高于降水量、日照时数和≥0℃活动积温;在灌溉春小麦整个生长发育过程中,其阶段生长和产量对气候变化的响应不完全一致,气候变化使该地区播种～三叶期的营养生长阶段延长,拔节～成熟期的生殖生长阶段缩短,全生长期缩短;拔节～抽穗期气温增加对灌溉春小麦产量增加有极显著的正效应(相关系数R=0.431),播种～成熟期气温增加对灌溉春小麦产量增加有显著的正效应(相关系数R=0.354)。气候暖湿化使河西走廊地区热量资源丰富,提高了作物增产潜力,但也使得病虫害加剧,防控难度加大。该地区灌溉春小麦生长变化是作物响应气候变化和农业生产适应气候变化的共同结果。     

河西走廊东部高温天气气候特征分析

利用河西走廊东部武威市1971～2005年5～9月日极端最高气温≥35℃高温个例和其它相关气象资料,系统分析了该区高温的时空分布、持续性、强度和异常天气气候特征,同时分析了影响河西走廊东部高温天气形成的主要环流特征.结果表明,河西走廊东部高温天气主要发生在东北部沙漠边缘;高温天气主要出现在盛夏7～8月;河西走廊东部高温天气从20世纪90年代后期至今明显增多;强高温日大多出现在持续高温时段内;随着气候变暖,高温日数明显增多,强度增强;高温日数和强度与当地年度干旱有很好的对应关系,年度干旱指数越大,高温强度越强,出现高温日数相对也较多;高温天气出现在副热带高压控制及影响的区域内.     

河西走廊东部近50年气温变化特征及其对比分析

利用河西走廊东部五个气象站近50a气温资料,运用统计学的方法,详细分析了当地气温的时空变化特征,并进行了对比分析。结果表明：北部川区气温远大于南部山区,且随海拔高度的升高气温逐渐降低。近50a来,各地年平均气温呈上升趋势,线性上升率为：民勤〉凉州〉古浪〉永昌〉天祝,均在0.276℃/10a以上,以80年代末为界分为冷暖...     

河西走廊东部近50年气候变化特征及区内5站对比分析

利用河西走廊东部武威市五个气象站近50年气温、降水资料,运用统计学的方法,详细分析了当地气温、降水的时空变化特征,并进行了对比分析.结果表明,北部川区气温远大于南部山区,随海拔高度的升高气温逐渐降低;北部川区降水远小于南部山区,随海拔高度的升高降水逐渐增多.各地年平均气温呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代以来升温明显.从平均...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区县域气候生产力对气候变化的响应——以陕北米脂县为例

根据米脂县1971-2004年气象资料,利用Thomthwaite Memoria模型,在分析该县气候变化趋势的基础上,计算并预测了气候生产力对气候变化的响应。结果表明:年平均气温以0.045℃/a的速率递增,远大于全国同期增温速度,20世纪90年代为近34年来最暖期,且冬季气温升高(变暖)对年平均气温升高(变暖)贡献最大;年降水量递减率为-0.248 mm/a,夏季递减速率远大于冬季;气候生产力与年降水量增减变化步调一致,但变化趋势却相反,且该县年降水量对气候生产力的影响程度远大于气温的影响,气候暖干化致使气候生产力利用率仅为21.44%;"冷湿型"气候对该县农作物生产有利,公顷产量将增加4.66%,"暖干型"气候对农作物生产不利,气候生产力将减少17.12%。     

祁连山低云量对气候变暖的响应

利用祁连山区周围34个测站,1961—2000年历年1—12月平均低云量资料,采用线性回归分析、合成分析、相关分析等方法,分析了40年来祁连山区低云量与气温变化的关系。结果表明:云量变化与气温变化存在一定的对应关系。在平均气温升高1℃的情况下,祁连山区年平均低云量减少1%—6%,其中祁连山东南部减少最多达22%,而柴达木盆地和河西走廊增加10%—40%。低云量对气温响应较好的区域秋、冬季是柴达木盆地,春季是祁连山区,夏季是河西走廊地区。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.