进境货物中苍耳属杂草截获与苍耳属分类

随着我国进出口贸易的扩大,杂草等有害生物传入我国的风险也大大增加,海关部门从进境货物中截获到大量杂草,其中以苍耳属植物的截获量最大。本文系统分析了2003—2017年我国海关部门截获苍耳种类的情况:全国进境货物中共截获苍耳属杂草28种,70269种次,其中检疫性苍耳26种,56888种次;美国、澳大利亚和巴西是截获苍耳种类最多的3个来源国,占截获总数的69%;截获苍耳种类最多的货物是大豆和羊毛。另外,本文归纳整理了苍耳属的常见分类学说和研究现状,为口岸提供检疫鉴定苍耳属植物的理论支撑。本文也对进境货物检疫查验和后续监管提出管理建议。     

植物疫情截获相关影响因素分析

文章从植物疫情截获途径、检验检疫工作内容和流程等方面入手,对植物疫情截获评价指标体系构建过程中应重点考虑的影响因素进行了分析与梳理,提出了影响植物疫情截获评价的直接和间接因素,并对其他可能影响评价效果的因素进行了讨论。     

云南省红河州边境口岸截获有害生物分析及建议

随着我国与越南贸易额逐年增加,植物及植物产品的调运越来越频繁,云南省红河州边境口岸由越南进境的植物产品中截获到大量有害生物。本文对2014—2016年红河州边境口岸截获有害生物从截获种类、截获量、截获寄主和截获方式等方面进行了分析。3年共截获有害生物290种、6 084种次,其中检疫性有害生物13种、251种次;截获昆虫114种2 503种次,截获真菌113种3 220种次,真菌和昆虫截获种次最多,分别占52.93%和41.14%;随入境旅客的增加,旅检截获有害生物种次数快速增加;新鲜水果、蔬菜和种苗截获有害生物的种次数居于前三位,三者占总种次数的95.86%;截获检疫性有害生物种次数较多的有桔小实蝇、辣椒果实蝇和根结线虫属(非中国种)。针对越南入境有害生物特点,结合红河州实际,提出了应对对策和建议。     

2016—2017年中国进境植物疫情截获情况分析

本文对2016—2017年中国进境植物疫情截获情况进行梳理和统计,重点比较了不同检疫业务类型、不同有害生物类别和不同来源地的截获数据,并统计了两年间截获检疫性有害生物占比情况和截获次数最多的前10种检疫性有害生物。数据表明:与2016年相比,2017年进境植物疫情截获总量有所减少,但检疫性有害生物的种类却有小幅度增加,旅检的疫情截获数量也有一定程度增高。2016年和2017年,截获疫情主要来源渠道均为植物及植物产品(货物);杂草和昆虫分别为截获次数最多和截获种类最高的有害生物类别;美国、巴西、澳大利亚均为截获有害生物次数较多的来源国。     

2014～2015年中国进境植物疫情截获情况

本文对2014~2015年中国进境植物疫情截获情况进行数据统计,重点分析不同检疫业务类型、有害生物类别、来源地的疫情截获数据和检疫性有害生物截获情况。分析表明:进境植物疫情截获数据持续增长,疫情主要来源渠道为进境货物,废纸携带有害生物风险增高,昆虫、杂草、真菌为截获次数最多的有害生物类别,美国、巴西、澳大利亚是截获有害生物次数最多的来源国。     

2012~2013年中国进境植物疫情截获情况分析

本文对2012~2013年中国进境植物疫情截获情况进行统计分析,重点分析不同检疫业务类型、有害生物类别、来源国(地区)植物疫情截获数据和全国首次截获检疫性有害生物情况,以期为今后植物检疫工作的针对性和有效性提供参考。     

连云港口岸国际航行船舶截获植物有害生物情况分析与建议

为强化对国际航行船舶的检疫监管,降低植物有害生物传入风险,本文对"十二五"期间连云港口岸国际航行船舶截获植物有害生物的情况进行了统计,掌握了截获有害生物的种类,分析了影响截获的主要因素,并提出相应的检疫对策。     

我国进境植物疫情截获量的时序特征及预测

本文基于2005年1月~2015年10月月度植物疫情截获量数据和相应外贸进口额数据,利用回归分析和时间序列建模方法分析其时序特征并进行预测。结果表明,进口额每增长1亿美元,疫情截获量约增加47种次,进口额增长率每增长1个百分点,疫情截获量约增长2个百分点。疫情截获量时序存在显著的季节特征和指数型增长趋势,SARIMA模型和残差自回归模型可以较好地拟合疫情截获量时间序列并进行短期预测。最后根据研究结论提出了相关工作建议。     

山东口岸2008—2017年进境矿产品携带疫情分析

[目的]分析山东口岸进境矿产品植物疫情截获情况,提高矿产品有害生物疫情检出率,有效保护国门生物安全.[方法]分别从截获植物疫情变化规律、疫情类别、矿产品类型、检疫性有害生物与一般有害生物情况、来源地、不同隶属关截获情况等方面对山东口岸2008—2017年进境矿产品截获的各类疫情进行了统计分析.[结果]山东进境矿产品中截获有害生物总计54种(属),2560种次,1574批次,检疫性有害生物4种(属),29种次.进境矿产品中有害生物截获种类和种次均呈现中间多两端少的特点,以昆虫、线虫和杂草截获种类最多,占截获种类总数的87.04％,昆虫截获种次最多,占截获总种次的65.70％;有害生物的截获种类和种次均以非金属矿产截获最多,金属矿产次之;共截获4种(属)、29种次检疫性有害生物,50种(属)、2531种次一般性有害生物;截获种次前三位国家分别是朝鲜、韩国、印度尼西亚.[结论]研究结果对口岸进境矿产品疫情截获及防控提供了理论和数据支持.     

美国口岸截获的小蠹科昆虫概况

1985-2000年，美国在截获的北美以外的6825批次小蠹中，共鉴定出49个属中的67种小蠹，其中以中穴星坑小蠹(Pityogenes chalcographus)、松瘤小蠹(Orthotomicus evo-sus)、细干小蠹(Hylurgops palliatus)、云杉八齿小蠹(Ips typographtus)等数量最多。这些小蠹分别从117个不同的国家和地区截获，最多的10个国家分别为意大利、德国、西班牙、墨西哥、牙买加、比利时、法国、中国、俄罗斯和印度。在截获的小蠹中73％发现于木质包装中，22％在食品和植物材料中。     

Specific Diagnosis of Two Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax, with Satellite DNA Probes

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax are serious pests of potato, and both species have been recently designated as quarantine organisms in the European Community and in Canada. The sympatric and less damaging species M. hapla is often found associated with both of them under temperate climates. Here, we describe the use of satellite DNA (satDNA) sequences previously isolated from these three root-knot nematode species for the development of specific diagnostic procedures. In dot-blot experiments, it was unambiguously possible to separate M. chitwoodi and M. fallax from M. hapla using satDNA monomers as probes. In squash-blot experiments, satDNAs allowed discrimination between single individuals of M. chitwoodi or M. fallax from M. hapla, even within root tissues, without the need for DNA purification. The same results were obtained with radioactive or digoxigenin-labeled probes with no loss of sensitivity in detection. M. fallax and M. chitwoodi could not be distinguished. From this study, it is concluded that such cloned satDNA sequences may constitute a powerful tool for the identification and management of Meloidogyne spp. populations in the field and for the implementation of quarantine regulations against these pests.     

4种常见根结线虫基因组DNA的RAPD分析

 用120个随机引物对4种常见根结线虫10个小种和类型进行了全基因组随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)分析,筛选出的11个适宜引物共扩增出91条RAPD谱带,86条是多态性谱带,占总谱带的94.5%;OPL12、OPK01对4种根结线虫种及其小种扩增的谱型有明显的特异性。聚类分析显示在种间水平上4种根结线虫中花生根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0.532,北方根结线虫与另外3种根结线虫的亲缘关系最远,平均遗传距离为0.786;种下水平上同种根结线虫的不同小种和类型间存在不同程度的遗传差异,南方根结线虫4个生理小种间,花生根结线虫2个生理小种间亲缘关系较近,爪哇根结线虫2个酯酶谱带类型间,北方根结线虫2个细胞生物学小种间遗传差异较大。在RAPD技术的基础上探索根结线虫分类鉴定的分子方法有着良好的前景。     

Protection of olive planting stocks against parasitism of root-knot nematodes by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effects were investigated, under controlled conditions, of single and joint inoculation of olive planting stocks cvs Arbequina and Picual with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus intraradices , Glomus mosseae or Glomus viscosum , and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica , on plant performance and nematode infection. Establishment of the fungal symbiosis significantly increased growth of olive plants by 88·9% within a range of 11·9–214·0%, irrespective of olive cultivar, plant age and infection by M. incognita or M. javanica . In plants free from AMF, infection by Meloidogyne spp. significantly reduced the plant main stem diameter by 22·8–38·6%, irrespective of cultivar and plant age. Establishment of AMF in olive plants significantly reduced severity of root galling by 6·3–36·8% as well as reproduction of both Meloidogyne spp. by 11·8–35·7%, indicating a protective effect against parasitism by root-knot nematodes. Infection by the nematodes influenced root colonization by AMF, but the net effect depended on the AMF isolate–olive cultivar combination. It is concluded that prior inoculation of olive plants with AMF may contribute to improving the health status and vigour of cvs Arbequina and Picual planting stocks during nursery propagation.     

检疫性轮枝菌及其近似种的鉴定

 大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)和黑白轮枝菌（V. albo-atrum）在世界范围内引起多种作物的黄萎病,属于我国重要进境植物检疫对象。本研究对采自我国部分地区和CBS保存的多种植物病原性轮枝菌,包括黑白轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌及其变种大丽轮枝菌长孢变种(V. dahliae var. longisporum)、三体轮枝菌(V. tricorpus)、变黑轮枝菌(V. nigrescens)和云状轮枝菌(V. nubilum),采用生物学特性观察,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析的方法,进行了比较和分析。结果表明：不同种类轮枝菌在休眠结构形态上具有一定差异,部分菌株不产生任何休眠结构。各供试菌株在15～25℃范围内均可生长,但黑白轮枝菌在30℃下生长受到强烈抑制,而其他菌株受影响较小。对供试菌株rDNA-ITS序列分析结果表明植物病原性轮枝菌可聚为9个分支,包括三体轮枝菌、变黑轮枝菌、云状轮枝菌、V. theobromae、大丽轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌长孢变种和3个不同的黑白轮枝菌分支,黑白轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌及其长孢变种亲缘关系较近。采用生物学性状结合rDNA-ITS序列分析能够更加有效地将两种检疫性轮枝菌从其他植物病原性轮枝菌中区分出来。     

Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer: A Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostic for Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax, and M. hapla

ABSTRACT Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the intergenic spacer region between the 5S and 18S genes from Meloidogyne chitwoodi, M. fallax, and M. hapla enabled these three important temperate species to be differentiated. Length polymorphism was found between M. chitwoodi and M. fallax as a result of differing numbers of short repeats located between the 5S and 18S genes. The presence of the 5S gene within the rDNA cistrons was confirmed in the Meloidogyne spp. included in this study. The region between the 28S and 5S genes for M. chitwoodi and M. fallax was short and lacked variability in repeated sequences compared with the main tropical Meloidogyne spp. and M. hapla. Differences in the number of these repeats resulted in intraspecific length polymorphism for M.hapla.     

Comparison of direct-RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization for the detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid in natural host plant species

Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is an EPPO A2-listed quarantine pathogen and its detection in large scale surveys requires complex decision schemes. In this study, a simple and rapid application of direct-RT-PCR was evaluated together with dot blot hybridization for the detection of PSTVd in dormant potato tubers harvested from primary infected plants, as well as in tomato and solanaceous ornamental plants. In all infected dormant potato tubers tested, both direct-RT-PCR and dot blot hybridization detected two different PSTVd isolates, with direct-RT-PCR being ten times more sensitive than dot blot. Similarly, in infected tomato and Brugmansia spp., PSTVd was detected by direct-RT-PCR with higher sensitivity compared to that of dot blot hybridization. However, in Brugmansia spp., a ten-fold decrease of the typical working concentration of the sap was required for an unequivocal detection of the viroid by direct-RT-PCR. The potential to use direct-RT-PCR for routine PSTVd examination is discussed.     

Differences in Feeding Sites Induced by Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in Chickpea

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary, obligate endoparasites in plants, where they induce specialized feeding sites. The feeding sites act as strong metabolic sinks to which photosynthates are mobilized. The histopathological modifications in the nematode-induced feeding sites of artificially inoculated chickpea cv. UC 27 were qualitatively and quantitatively compared using five isolates of M. artiellia and one isolate each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. All Meloidogyne isolates infected chickpea plants, but root gall thickening was significantly less for M. artiellia isolates than for the other Meloidogyne species. Nevertheless, neither the number of giant cells in the feeding site (averaging four to six) nor the area of individual giant cells was influenced by nematode species or isolate. However, the number of nuclei per giant cell was significantly smaller, and the maximum diameters of nuclei and nucleoli were significantly greater, in giant cells induced by M. artiellia isolates than in those induced by M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. In a second experiment, M. artiellia-induced giant cells in faba bean and rapeseed also contained a small number of large nuclei.     

海南岛葫芦科蔬菜根结线虫危害性调查与种类鉴定初报

对海南11个市县的葫芦科蔬菜进行根结线虫危害性调查,结果显示,大部分地区发病率在50%以上;其中琼中腰子、澄迈长安和琼中营根主产菜区的病情指数分别达到了47.12、47.14和40,已造成严重损失。采自海南11个县市5种葫芦科蔬菜24个根结线虫种群经单卵块纯化培养,运用形态学和同工酶的方法对其进行种类鉴定,结果表明,南方根结线虫占总数的79.17%,爪哇根结线虫占总数的12.5%,根结线虫疑似新种或新纪录种占总数的8.3%。南方根结线虫是危害海南葫芦科蔬菜的优势种。     

侵染百合的病毒种类及其检疫重要性

在侵染百合的18种病毒中,有6种病毒为我国禁止进境的检疫性有害生物,在进境的百合中曾检出4种检疫性病毒,因而在进境百合中具有十分重要的检疫重要性。本文介绍了国内外报道的百合病毒种类和最新分类进展以及从进境百合中截获的病毒种类。     

海南省蔬菜根结线虫发生种类与分布

2014年-2018年, 对海南省蔬菜根结线虫病害进行了田间随机采样调查和病原种类分子鉴定?结果显示, 蔬菜根结线虫病在海南18市县均有发生, 且大部分旱田连作地块病株率达到80%以上?进一步对采集的295份根结线虫样本种类进行了分子鉴定, 共鉴定出象耳豆根结线虫?南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫3种病原种?其中, 象耳豆根结线虫单一检出率达到62.37%, 南方根结线虫单一检出率为23.39%, 爪哇根结线虫的检出率仅为5.76%, 象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫复合侵染检出率为8.47%?除五指山市样本以外, 海南其余17市县样本均检测到象耳豆根结线虫侵染为害?本研究显示象耳豆根结线虫为海南省蔬菜上的优势病原根结线虫种类, 该结果对指导品种布局?制定根结线虫病害的防治策略具有重要意义?