冬小麦特征光谱对其全氮和硝态氮的响应

通过田间试验,测定了不同施氮水平下冬小麦冠层在6个典型生育期地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量以及冠层光谱,系统分析了单波段反射率、可见光和近红外波段组合而成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)等8种常见植被指数与相应时期地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量的相关性。结果表明,施氮量增加,全氮、硝态氮含量、冠层近红外波段反射率都随之增加,但当施氮量增加到300 kg/hm2(一次性施入)时,上述各项指标均降低;整个生长期中孕穗期在近红外区域反射率最高,与可见光波段反射率相差最大;6个生育期单波段510~1 100 nm反射率、NDVI、RVI等8种植被指数与全氮和硝态氮含量呈显著或极显著相关,植被指数的相关性较单波段高,且与全氮的相关性明显大于与硝态氮的相关性。选择NDVI(560 nm,760 nm)和NDVI(660 nm,760 nm)可以准确拟合冬小麦地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量,对前者的拟合度0.80,对后者的拟合度0.53。     

基于叶片SPAD值的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型

试验于2014—2015年进行,利用2014年田间试验建立基于叶片SPAD值的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型,2015年进行推荐模型的验证实验。结果表明:在滴灌春小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期,随着氮肥施用量的增加,小麦叶片SPAD值均呈线性增加的趋势;各生育期叶片SPAD值与产量具有显著的相关性;全生育期最佳施氮量为261 kg·hm-2;滴灌春小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期和灌浆期叶片SPAD临界值分别为42.4、39.4、41.8、54.1;建立了基于叶片SPAD值的滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用推荐模型,在保证产量的前提下,基于模型推荐施肥可以节约肥料7.86%,提高氮肥利用率9.64%。研究得出,小麦叶片SPAD值可以指导滴灌春小麦氮肥分期施用。     

套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了河套灌区套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平下土壤微生物数量及土壤养分的动态变化规律。结果表明:小麦带土壤有机质含量随着生育期的推进逐渐下降,在灌浆期降到最低值,土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量从苗期到拔节期呈上升趋势,拔节期至灌浆期迅速下降,在灌浆期降到最低;玉米带土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈降-升-降的趋势。小麦带细菌、真菌数量随着生育期的推进先增加后降低,抽穗期数量最多,放线菌数量呈现降-升-降的变化趋势;玉米带细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随着生育期的推进呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势,在灌浆期达到最高。与不施氮相比,施氮明显增加了土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量,各施氮处理均达5%显著差异水平,且随着施氮水平的提高,土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量也随之先增加后降低,N2水平时土壤养分含量达到最高,土壤微生物数量出现峰值,当施氮水平过高(N3)时,土壤养分和土壤微生物数量不再增加反而减少,说明适宜的施氮量(N2)更能促进土壤中养分和微生物数量的增加。     

不同生育期水分亏缺灌溉和氮营养对玉米生长的影响

通过玉米盆栽试验,设置了全生育期土壤充分灌水、苗期亏水、拔节期亏水、灌浆期亏水、成熟期亏水5个水分处理和施氮量分别为0、0.1、0.30、.5 g/kg的4个施氮水平,依次以N0、N1、N2、N3表示。研究了不同生育期水分亏缺和氮营养对夏玉米生长的影响。结果表明:在不同施氮条件下,不同生育期亏水均对玉米的生长产生不同程度的抑制作用,其中对茎叶的抑制作用大于根系,根冠比增加。苗期亏水抑制了株高、叶面积和地上部物质的生长,复水后补偿效应明显;拔节期是缺水敏感期,拔节期亏水对株高、叶面积及干物质累积的影响差异极显著,复水后补偿效应不明显;灌浆期亏水对株高影响不明显,但对叶面积及干物质影响明显;成熟期亏水对玉米生长的各个指标没有显著的影响。施氮对玉米的生长及地下干物质的累积有一定的影响,在试验的土壤肥力水平下,表现为施纯N 0.1 g/kg的施氮水平对盆栽玉米的生长和发育最好,是适宜的施氮水平。水氮交互作用在拔节期和灌浆期对玉米地上部干重、根干重影响极显著,对根冠比分别达到极显著和显著水平,苗期和成熟期对各指标均无显著性影响。     

覆盖条件下旱地施肥对小麦旗叶生理特性及籽粒产量的影响

在陕西半湿润偏旱地区秸秆覆盖保墒条件下研究氮素施用方式对小麦后期旗叶衰老及产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖配合施肥可以提高灌浆期旗叶的叶绿素含量,延缓叶衰老,延长叶片功能期,有利于提高粒重和产量;施肥可以抑制叶绿素降解,而分次施N对抑制叶绿素的降解作用更强;施N肥延缓了旗叶蛋白质的降解,分次施N处理旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量相对较高,而且随时间降低较慢,后期追施N肥可延长叶片功能期;施N肥加速了旗叶丙二醛降解,分次施N处理丙二醛含量相对较低,丙二醛(MDA)含量随时间增高速度较慢,三次施N的丙二醛含量比两次施氮低。     

不同品种冬小麦的抗旱性鉴定与分析

以13个抗旱等级不同的冬小麦品种为材料,设旱地和水地两种处理,在冬小麦起身期、拔节期、挑旗期、抽穗开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期测定了叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、叶片渗透调节能力、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、POD活性等7个与抗旱相关的生理指标。计算各指标旱、水地差值绝对值,并与抗旱指数分别进行相关、逐步回归、通径、灰色关联分析。结果表明,挑旗期叶绿素含量差值、拔节期叶片渗透调节能力、起身期脯氨酸含量差值、拔节期丙二醛含量差值、灌浆期SOD活性差值等5个生理指标与冬小麦抗旱性显著相关,可作为抗旱鉴定指标。     

基于高光谱反射率的糜子冠层叶片叶绿素含量估算

连续两年大田试验研究不同糜子品种叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率,并基于不同植被指数建立糜子叶片叶绿素含量的估测模型。结果表明,参试糜子品种叶绿素含量在整个生育期呈现"低-高-低"的抛物线变化趋势,最大值出现在抽穗期到开花期之间;不同品种各生育期内冠层光谱反射率趋势一致,在近红外波段,冠层光谱反射率与叶绿素含量呈稳定正相关,灌浆初期光谱反射率达到最大值;可见光波段,拔节期、开花期和灌浆初期冠层光谱反射率与冠层叶绿素含量呈正相关,成熟期呈负相关;糜子冠层叶绿素含量与760~900、630~690、550 nm波段组合的植被指数具有较高相关性;基于RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750能较好地建立糜子叶绿素含量统一检测模型,决定系数分别为0.791、0.779、0.748;模型验证的相对误差分别为9.58%、8.93%、11.80%;均方根误差分别为0.045、0.140、0.196。表明利用RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750建立的模型能较为准确地预测糜子冠层叶绿素含量。     

长期氮、磷配合施用对黑垆土氮、磷养分变化的影响

在黑垆土上安排长期定位试验，研究了连续施用氮、磷肥对土壤氮、磷养分动态变化及冬小麦产量的影响。研究表明，黑垆土连续6年配合施用氮、磷肥，耕层土壤氮、磷养分基本持平或略有提高，冬小麦表现明显增产效果；不施氮、磷肥耕层土壤氮、磷养分含量逐年降低，冬小麦产量下降。每公顷施用N112．5kg、P34．9kg，氮、磷分别盈余0．2kg／hm^2和1．5kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入与吸收基本平衡；每公顷施用N180．0kg、P43．7kg，氮、磷分别盈余62．2kg／hm^2和8．4kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入大于冬小麦吸收量。     

不同灌水和施氮对河西绿洲春玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响

通过大田小区试验,设置8个不同生育期灌水处理:各生育期都灌水(CK)、苗期不灌水(I1)、拔节期不灌水(I2)、抽穗期不灌水(I3)、灌浆成熟期不灌水(I4)、苗期+抽穗期不灌水(I13)、苗期+灌浆期不灌水(I14)、拔节期+灌浆期不灌水(I24)和4个氮肥水平:不施氮(ZN)、低氮(LN,60 kg N/hm2)、...     

不同水分与腐植酸处理对裸燕麦生理特性和产量形成的影响

在防雨棚盆栽条件下, 以‘内燕5号’裸燕麦为材料, 在水分胁迫（45%田间持水量（FWC））和正常供水（75%FWC）处理下, 于拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期叶面喷施腐植酸（HA）和清水（WT）, 测定裸燕麦植株形态、叶片抗逆生理指标、产量及其构成因素等，明确不同生育时期喷施腐植酸对裸燕麦抗旱性影响及其产量形成差异。结果表明,与喷施WT处理相比, 45%FWC处理下喷施HA叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）在拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别提高16.7%、7.0%和15.1%, 过氧化物酶活性分别提高14.1%、16.7%和6.3%,丙二醛含量分别下降20.3%、11.2%和7.8%（P<0.05）；喷施HA叶片脯氨酸含量均上升, 且45%FWC显著高于75%FWC处理, 在抽穗期达到最大。45%FWC处理下, 拔节期喷施HA植株小穗数显著增加, 抽穗期喷施HA穗粒数和千粒重显著增加, 且单株籽粒重增加幅度均超过10%（P<0.05）; 75%FWC处理下, 喷施HA后植株单穗粒数显著增加, 且单株籽粒重在抽穗期增幅最大。试验表明在拔节和抽穗期水分胁迫下喷施HA可显著改善叶片光合能力、提高抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节能力, 进而促进籽粒生长发育并提高产量。建议水分胁迫条件下在拔节期和抽穗期喷施HA, 正常水分条件下在抽穗期喷施HA。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.