防治大豆疫霉根腐病的药剂筛选

在离体条件下测定了 8种内吸性杀菌剂对大豆疫霉菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。甲霜灵、甲霜灵锰锌、安克锰锌、杀毒矾、霜脲锰锌、克露和加瑞农为有效杀菌剂 ,霜霉威不具有抑菌效果。甲霜灵的 EC50 值为0 .4 870 μg/ m L,抑菌效果最好 ,安克锰锌、甲霜灵锰锌的 EC50 值分别为 1.4 2 6 1μg/ m L和 1.76 97μg/ m L,效果次之。在活体条件下 ,甲霜灵和甲霜灵锰锌能完全抑制大豆疫霉菌对感病大豆品种的侵入 ,并具有较长的药效期 ,安克锰锌、杀毒矾和霜霉威虽然具有明显的防治效果但药效期很短。大豆疫霉菌菌株间对甲霜灵锰锌的敏感性存在差异 ,但这种差异与菌株来源没有相关性 ,EC50 平均值为 1.830 2μg/ m L ,没有发现耐药性菌株。在我国黑龙江省目前缺乏有效抗病品种的情况下 ,建议应用甲霜灵锰锌防治大豆疫霉根腐病。     

64％杀毒矾M8和瑞毒霉锰锌防治黄瓜霜霉病好

６４％杀毒矾Ｍ_８和瑞毒霉锰锌防治黄瓜霜霉病好倪宏正，王军，周正宽，曹坚（江苏省盐城市蔬菜研究所２２４００２）（盐城市蔬菜技术指导站）１９９０年以来，笔者在试验的基础上推广杀毒矾Ｍ８和瑞毒霉锰锌防治黄瓜霜霉病技术，取得明显效益。具体方法是：（１）６４?..     

辣椒疫病药剂防治试验初报

辣椒疫病为国内外辣椒生产上的重要病害,近年在武威为害日趋严重,成为影响辣椒生产发展的制约因素。为解决辣椒疫病的防治问题,进行了药剂防治试验,现简报如下。 一.材料与方法 试验设58％甲霜灵锰锌400倍液、50％瑞毒铜600倍液、64％杀毒矾500倍液、68％瑞毒铝铜400倍液、40％多菌灵胶悬剂500倍液和99％硫酸铜500倍液和不施药对照     

秋冬瓜菜主要病虫防治

1、霜霉病：早期症状识别要点：叶缘或叶背呈水渍状病斑，逐渐变成淡黄色，湿度大时叶面或叶背长出灰色或黑色霉层，早晨明显，多从刚定型的功能叶开始。雨后或灌水后易暴发。高效药物有：安克(烯酰吗啉锰锌)、雷多米尔(甲霜灵锰锌)、克露(霜脲锰锌)、普力克、杀毒矾。以上药剂轮换使用，用法按说明书规定。     

70％乙磷铝锰锌可湿粉防治黄瓜霜霉病效果好

７０％乙磷铝锰锌可湿粉防治黄瓜霜霉病效果好黄仲生，杨玉茹，朱晓丹（北京市农林科院植保研究所，１０００８１）目前，国内防治黄瓜霜霉病主要采用喷药防治，而且大多数是进口农药，如７５％百菌清可湿粉、２５％瑞毒霉可湿粉、６４％杀毒矾可湿粉等。由于多年使用，一...     

巧防蔬菜的几大病害

１．番茄疫病发病初期 ,可轮流用１∶５∶２００～２５０倍液的波尔多液 ,代森锌６００～８００倍液 ,瑞毒铜６００～８００倍液 ,杀毒矾４００～５００倍液防治。每７～８天喷１次 ,喷３～４次 ,喷后遇雨补喷。２．辣椒病毒病用高锰酸钾１００倍液 ,磷酸三钠５００～８００倍液或磷酸二氧钾５００～１０００倍液或８３增抗剂５ｍｌ兑水５０ｋｇ喷雾 ,每隔７～１０天１次 ,连续２～３次。３．茄子黄萎病用５０ %托布津５００～１０００倍液或多菌灵６００～８００倍液灌根。每株０．２５ｋｇ，每７～１０天灌１次 ,连灌３～４次。４．辣椒炭…     

某些阳离子在大豆胞囊线虫生防系统中的作用

室内测定了不同浓度的 6种阳离子 :钼、硼、锌、铜、锰和铁对大豆胞囊线虫卵的孵化、大豆种子发芽和根系生长 ,以及对线虫生防菌———厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长的影响。结果发现 ,在供试所有浓度下 ,铜、锰和铁明显抑制大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化 ,锌具明显刺激作用 ;在供试浓度水平较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对大豆种子发芽及根系生长有轻微抑制 ,锰的抑制较为明显 ,但均不影响进一步发育 ;在供试浓度较低时 ,铜、锰和铁对厚垣轮枝菌菌丝生长无任何影响。铜可作为线虫生防制剂的添加剂。     

黄土区小麦施用锰锌肥的试验研究

试验研究表明,在陕西中部,北部旱塬低锰低锌土壤上,锰锌肥单施或本施均能提高小麦产量,锰锌配施增产１０％以上,锰,锌单施增产４％～８％,锰肥增产效果及优于锌肥,其增产顺序为：锰锌〉锰〉锌〉对照;土壤有效锰５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,有效锌０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ曾小麦缺锰缺锌的临界指标。在田间条件下下锰锌配施以每公顷１５ｋｇ为宜,锰肥浸种或土施都有显著的增产效果。     

64%噁霜灵锰锌(福乐尔)防治黄瓜霜霉病药效实验

进行了国产恶霜灵锰锌与进口杀毒矾在防治黄瓜霜霉病的药效对照试验。结果表明，两者400倍液的防治效果分析为89.9%和88.6%，两者500倍液、600倍液的防治效果为84%、86.3%、72%、73.2%，结果证实两者对黄瓜霜霉病的防治效果均很好。根据数理统计结果，认为二者在防治效果上无显著差异，但国产恶霜灵锰锌价格低廉，值得推广。     

珠海非洲菊疫病的鉴定和防治

１９９６年,珠海非洲菊生产基地非洲菊出现萎蔫症状,大量植株死亡,感病品种年发病率达４０％～５０％。经病情调查和病原菌分离鉴定明确,该病由ＰｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｃｒｙｐｔｏｇｅａＰｅｔｈｙｂｒｉｄｇｅ＆Ｌａｆｅｒｔｙ和Ｐ．ｃａｃｔｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｒｏｔｅｒ所致,前者为主要病原。发病程度与温度、田间湿度及品种抗病性密切相关。室内药剂筛选试验表明,甲霜灵－锰锌抑菌效果最好;杀毒矾次之。田间选种抗病品种、作高畦、改喷灌为滴灌、拔除病株、药剂防治等措施,防效较好。     

种衣剂对玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效评价

为评价种衣剂防治玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲的可行性,通过选用内吸性强、持效期长的种衣剂,设置常规剂量对玉米种子进行包衣处理,采取田间罩网小区试验,明确种衣剂对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防效及对玉米出苗、生长的安全性。结果表明,30%噻虫嗪FS、10%氟虫腈FSC、38%噻虫胺FSC、40%噻虫嗪·溴氰虫酰胺FS、30%噻虫嗪·氟虫腈FSC、30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC、20%噻虫胺·氟啶虫酰胺FSC等7种种衣剂对玉米出苗、生长均安全;38%噻虫胺FSC有效成分用量7.6 g/kg种子处理对双斑长跗萤叶甲的防治效果为70.6%～78.5%,防效最好,显著高于除30%噻虫胺·氟虫腈FSC 7.5 g/kg处理外的其他种衣剂处理(P<0.05),并且可使双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫羽化出土始现期、出土高峰期推迟5～10 d,可以使成虫高峰期避开玉米吐丝期。玉米田双斑长跗萤叶甲防控前移推荐使用38%噻虫胺FSC,有效成分剂量为7.6 g/kg种子。     

Isolation of Microdochium oryzae and Pinatubo oryzae from Rice Seeds and their Survival on Stored Seeds

The aim of these studies was to develop a semi-selective medium to differentiate Microdochium oryzae and Pinatubo oryzae, determine the frequency of seed infection of M. oryzae, study survival of the pathogen in stored seeds, and determine the frequency of infection of seed components. To simulate epidemics of differing intensities, panicles of rice cultivars that are susceptible (IR36) and resistant (IR42 and IR46) to M. oryzae were either non-inoculated, inoculated once, twice, or three times with a conidial suspension of M. oryzae. Both M. oryzae and P. oryzae colonies were recovered from seeds and were similar in culture. A semi-selective medium developed to detect M. oryzae seed infection rates aided in differentiating M. oryzae and P. oryzae by stimulating aerial conidiogenesis of P. oryzae. The conclusions taken from these results were: (a) seeds of IR36 had higher infection of M. oryzae than of IR42 and IR46 from plants grown in the dry season, but had lower infection of M. oryzae than of IR42 and IR46 from plants grown in the wet season; (b) M. oryzae infected seeds increased with an increase in the epidemic intensity with the highest occurring after three inoculations, the least occurring with non-inoculation, and intermediate with one, or two inoculations; (c) survival of M. oryzae decreased over time in seed lots stored at 10°C and 40% relative humidity and (d) all components of the rice seeds of IR36, IR42 and IR46 lots were infected with M. oryzae with the highest frequency in the endosperm and lemma, intermediate in the basal glumes and palea, and the least in the embryo.     

A survey of weed seed contamination of rice paddy in Cambodia

Cambodia has experienced a rapid shift from transplanted to hand broadcast seeded rice, with a consequent increase in seeding rates from 25–30 to 100–200 kg ha^?1. To reduce costs, farmers keep their own seed for sowing with the risk of greater weed seed contamination of the sowing seed. A survey of weed seed contamination in harvested rice paddy was conducted in two provinces of Cambodia (Battambang and Takeo) at the end of the wet season in 2016. Farmers were interviewed about rice‐seeding practices, and a total of 110 farmers' fresh paddy samples were inspected for weed seed contamination from the two provinces. Sowing seed samples collected from 28 seed producer lots and 71 samples of farmer‐kept seed were also analysed for weed seed contamination. In both provinces, the majority of farmers kept their own seed or bought seed from a neighbour. Farm‐kept seed for sowing accounted for 88% of sown seed in Battambang and 89% in Takeo. Seeds of 41 different weed species from 13 plant families were found in the farmers' freshly harvested paddy samples. Overall, farmers managed to reduce the number of weed propagules by 60% and seed producers by 95%. There was no significant difference between farmer‐kept seed and seed producer/seed company seed for the total number of weed seeds present. When shown photos, farmers' rankings of the 10 most common weed species found in freshly harvested paddy did not closely correspond to the actual weed seed frequency in the paddy. When farmers were asked to rank the frequency of weeds in their fields without the option to choose from a list, they ranked the weeds differently. Farmers ranked Ischaemum rugosum, Echinochloa spp. and Fimbristylis miliacea as the three most frequent weed species in their fields. The most frequent weeds in harvested paddy, apart from weedy rice, were I. rugosum and Melochia corchorifolia. Farmers did not rank M. corchorifolia as a frequently occurring weed, and most farmers could not recognise M. corchorifolia from photographs. The priority for improved seed hygiene is to place the emphasis on assisting farmers to further improve their seed purification techniques and to caution them to inspect seed before purchasing from neighbours, seed producers and seed companies in the absence of the implementation of seed certification regulation.     

The Relationship Between Wheat Seed Weight, Infection by Fusarium culmorum or Microdochium nivale, Germination and Seedling Disease

The distribution of seeds by weight for three lots of winter wheat cv. Avalon infected by Fusarium culmorum and three lots of winter wheat cv. Riband infected by Microdochium nivale was determined. The distribution of infected seeds within each seed lot was then determined by isolating F. culmorum from seeds on moist filter paper and M. nivale from seeds on potato dextrose agar. The distribution of M. nivale infected seeds between seeds of different weight was similar to that of the seed lot as a whole, whereas the distribution of F. culmorum was greater in light seeds than heavy seeds. The percentage germination of infected seeds decreased with seed weight. A similar situation was found with respect to seedling emergence in compost for F. culmorum infected seeds. However, with M. nivale infection, similar numbers of seedlings emerged from both light and heavy infected seeds. Seed treatment with guazatine increased seedling emergence for both light and heavy seed infected by M. nivale. However, seedling emergence from F. culmorum infected seed was poor even following treatment with guazatine. Poor emergence was most evident from light seed.     

胡杨根际可培养细菌的分离及抑制瓜列当种子萌发研究

从胡杨生存的干旱强光照逆境中获得新的细菌资源,从中筛选新的可抑制瓜列当种子萌发的生防菌。采用3种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法对塔里木河流域3处胡杨根系样品进行可培养细菌分离,通过分析分离菌株16S rRNA基因序列确定其种属分类。采用皿内培养法测定其对瓜列当种子萌发的抑制活性,利用盆栽试验检测分离菌株M2-3对瓜列当寄生的防治效果。结果分离获得98株细菌,分属于28个属,马赛菌属Massilia、Pontibacter、玫瑰单胞菌属Roseomonas为优势菌属。其中,菌株M2-3与Pontibacter salisaro HMC5104T的相似度最高,为97.92%,其菌体发酵液10倍稀释液对瓜列当种子萌发抑制率为87.8%,盆栽试验表明该菌株对瓜列当防效可达36.9%,具备进一步开发可能性。     

苹果锈果类病毒在八棱海棠种子中的分布及氢氧化钠脱毒效果分析

为明确苹果锈果类病毒在八棱海棠果实和种子中的分布特征、种传率以及药剂脱除效果,以带毒母株上的八棱海棠果实和种子为试材,运用RT-PCR技术分析了八棱海棠果实不同部位锈果类病毒的带毒率、实生后代的带毒情况以及氢氧化钠脱除病毒的效果。结果表明,八棱海棠果皮、果肉、种子以及种胚均不同程度携带苹果锈果类病毒,其带毒率分别为96.0%、96.0%、52.0%和4.0%;该病毒可经种子传递给后代,种传率为12.1%;经2%氢氧化钠溶液浸种10、15、20 min,种子的病毒检出率均为0,但后代实生苗的带毒率分别为2.5%、1.3%和0。表明苹果锈果类病毒可侵染种子不同部位并经种子传递给后代,氢氧化钠浸种是脱除该病毒的有效方法。     

拌种防治玉米二点委夜蛾的药剂筛选及其安全性研究

为了筛选拌种防治二点委夜蛾的有效药剂,并明确其对玉米种子萌发的安全性。本文通过培养皿法和室内盆栽试验比较了9种不同类型杀虫剂拌种对玉米种子萌发的影响以及保苗效果。结果表明,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC拌种处理效果较好,保苗效果分别达到90.02%和70.07%,可将死苗率控制在10%以内,被害指数控制在20%以内,且对玉米出苗安全。因此,60%溴氰虫酰胺SC和20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC可作为拌种防止玉米二点委夜蛾为害的有效药剂。     

Inter-population variabilities in seed mass and germination of Panicum turgidum and Pennisetum divisum in the desert of Kuwait

Understanding variability in seed germination among populations is essential for planning an effective germplasm collection for restoration and conservation purposes.The knowledge of germination and dormancy patterns among populations of desert grasses is crucial for determining the potential of the species and populations to be used for restoration and conservation as well as forage production.Variability in seed germination of Panicum turgidum Forssk and Pennisetum divisum(Gmel.)Henr.in the desert of Kuwait was evaluated in different populations in May 2017.Experiment of seed germination(25 seeds and 4 replicates)was conducted for each population at night/day temperatures of 15℃/20℃and 20℃/30℃under the following light condition:continuous darkness or 12 h/12 h light/dark.Results showed that seed masses of both species strongly varied according to their seed provenances,and both species produced heavier seeds in population with a higher soil electrical conductivity.Seed germination percentage considerably varied between two species,and the variation in P.turgidum was greater(17%–49%)than that of P.divisum(72%–93%).Germination percentage in P.turgidum was greater at high temperature(20℃/30℃)than at low temperature(15℃/20℃).However,temperature regimes had no effect on germination percentage of P.divisum seeds.Mean germination time of both species exhibited significant inter-population variability.This result is especially relevant to assure the selection of the best population of each species and the regeneration success of the species.Besides this,inter-population variability also provides valuable information for enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate seed germination and how they might be related to seed provenance.     

Fungicide seed treatment efficacy against Microdochium nivale and M. majus in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND: Seed-borne Microdochium majus (Wollenweber) and M. nivale Fries are the primary pathogens responsible for Fusarium seedling blight in the UK. The two species show differences in pathogenicity, host preference and sensitivities to temperature, but their relative sensitivities to fungicide seed treatments are unknown. The aim was firstly to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments towards single-spore isolates of M. majus and M. nivale using in vitro experiments, and subsequently to determine efficacy in vivo over a range of temperatures. RESULTS: Differences in EC(50) values between all seed treatments were evident from the in vitro experiments and ranged from 0.028 mg L(-1) for fludioxonil to 22.8 mg L(-1) for carboxin + thiram. The two seed treatments that showed best performance in vitro were used to examine efficacy towards seed-borne infection in vivo at 4, 8, 12 and 16 degrees C. Generally, seedling emergence improved and the severity of stem-base disease symptoms on emerged seedlings was reduced for both species through the use of the fungicides. The combination of fludioxonil + difenconazole showed improved performance compared with fludioxonil alone. Significantly less severe symptoms were observed through the use of fludioxonil and fludioxonil + difenconazole compared with bitertanol + fuberidazole at 12 degrees C and for all except one M. nivale infected seed lot at 8 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in fungicide sensitivity between the two species in vitro were not evident in vivo. This is the first report of the effect of fungicide seed treatments on the control of seedling blight caused by M. majus and M. nivale.