1960-2008年黑河流域地表干湿状况的时空变化分析

利用1960-2008年黑河流域16个气象站的逐日气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算最大可能蒸散量,进而计算该流域的湿润指数,对地表干湿状况的时空变化特征及其主要影响因素进行分析。结果表明：黑河流域及其上、中、下游地区的湿润指数总体呈上升趋势,地表湿润状况有所改善,且湿润指数的年际波动性较明显,变异系数分别为14.97%、13.63%、25.47%、37.72%。除下游地区外,夏季的湿润指数变化速率最快,冬季的变化速率最慢;春季,黑河流域地表以变干趋势为主,其他季节均以变湿趋势为主。影响黑河流域地表干湿状况的主要因素是降水量,其他气候因子的变化对地表干湿状况起增强或削弱作用。     

近46 a六盘山东西两侧参考作物蒸散量特征

基于六盘山东西两侧甘肃平凉市7个气象站1965-2010年逐日气象要素,采用Penman Monteith模型计算了逐日参考作物蒸散量,应用Mann Kendall非参数检验法,分析了年际变化和季节变化特征。结果表明：① 1965-2010年,平凉市参考作物蒸散量多年平均在890～1 142 mm,全市西南部蒸散量最小,东部最大,年内夏季达到最大值,春、秋季次之,冬季最小;② 近46 a来,平凉市大多数站点参考作物蒸散量呈显著下降趋势;③ 影响平凉市参考作物蒸散量季节变化的主要气候因子是风速和日照,其中,风速是影响全市蒸散量呈下降趋势的主导因子。     

陇东地表湿润指数的年际变化特征

利用能够代表陇东气候类型的三个代表站1971~2005年月平均气温和降水资料,分析该地地表湿润指数的时空变化特征。结果表明:地表湿润指数变化多年平均,东南部的正宁最大,中部的西峰次之,北部的环县最小,呈现由东南向中部和北部逐渐干旱的空间变化特征;东南部的正宁和中部的西峰地表湿润指数以0.0028/a和0.0034/a的速率减小,地表趋于干旱化,北部的环县以0.005/a的速率增加,地表湿润程度有所增加;地表湿润指数的季节分布以春季最小,秋季次之,夏季最大,且春季和秋季有逐年减小的趋势,干旱化程度逐年加重,夏季呈增加趋势,地表湿润状况有所改善;地表湿润指数变化主要依靠降水的影响,但同时也受温度变化的影响,温度高,地表水分蒸发蒸散量大,地表易于变干,温度低,水分蒸发蒸散量小,地表不易变干。     

基于湿润指数的新疆甘家湖地表干湿状况变化趋势

利用1953—2013年甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区内精河和乌苏气象站的逐月气象资料,采用伊凡诺夫公式计算出了逐月潜在蒸散量和湿润指数,分析了地表干湿状况的年际变化、季节变化及其主要影响因素。结果表明:1冬半年、夏半年和全年的多年平均潜在蒸散量分别为298、1 107 mm和1 407 mm,潜在蒸散量在冬半年随时间呈下降趋势,在夏半年和全年潜在蒸散量呈明显上升趋势。2春、夏季湿润指数的年际变化呈减小趋势,秋、冬季和全年湿润指数的年际变化呈增加趋势。根据湿润指数相对应的气候区划标准,春季甘家湖自然保护区为半干旱地区,夏季和秋季为极干旱区-干旱区,冬季为干旱区的亚湿润区-湿润区。3湿润指数与降水量、水汽压和相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、气温和日照时数呈负相关;相对湿度变化对湿润指数变化影响最大,其次是日照时数、气温、水汽压和降水量,影响最小的是风速。     

青藏高原不同植被类型草地蒸散量长期变化与适应性模型研究

文中利用遥感数据潜热通量LE和气象数据年均气温T计算出2006-2021连续16年间青藏高原灌丛、荒漠、草甸和沼泽四种草地植被类型实际蒸散量的变化，并利用Penman-Monteith模型、Priestley-Taylor模型、Mahringer模型、Irmak-Alle模型、Dalton模型等5种常用模型计算出4种草地植被类型参考蒸散量的变化，选出4种植被类型拟合较高的模型。结果表明：连续16年间，4种草地植被类型蒸散量均呈极显著上升趋势。且相对于其他植被类型，灌丛、沼泽和草甸蒸散量显著高于荒漠。气象因子中，相对湿度、温度、2m高风速和土壤热通量4种对蒸散量变化的贡献率最大，且分别可解释71.21%、71.29%、71.37%和71.55%的灌丛、荒漠、草甸和沼泽蒸散量的变化。模型计算结果显示Mahringer和FAO 56 Penman-Monteith两种模型与实际蒸散量之间的相关性最高。推荐适宜的蒸散量计算模型，精确模型研究，以期提供蒸散量变化研究的理论基础。     

气候变化对渭河流域自然植被净初级生产力的影响研究(Ⅰ)——地表干湿状况时空演变特征分析

采用1959～2010年23个气象站的逐日气象资料,利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出渭河流域各气象站的潜在蒸散量,由此计算出各站的湿润指数。采用样条曲线插值法(Spline)、气候倾向率、标准化指数、相关分析等方法对流域湿润指数的时空变化特征以及影响其变化的气象要素进行了分析。结果表明:近52a渭河流域地表湿润指数整体下降,由南向北干旱程度逐渐增加。北部黄土高原丘陵沟壑区最干,南部秦岭山地和关中地区最湿。湿润指数年际间波动较大,与潜在蒸散量的变化趋势呈反相位关系,泾河和北洛河流域干湿分布规律与渭河流域整体类似。干旱化速率较大的为华山和宝鸡,关中部分地区微弱变湿。流域整体在春季和秋季变干,夏季除关中和陇东部分地区外也逐渐变干,冬季呈变湿趋势。影响湿润指数的因素主要为降水(正相关)和温度(负相关),风速的增加也会加剧干旱化的趋势。     

西藏参考作物蒸散量时空变化特征与影响因素

为深入认识西藏参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)的变化特征,采用联合国粮农组织1998年推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算西藏37个气象站点32 a(1981—2012年)的逐日ET_0,通过联合国防治荒漠化公约提出的全球干旱指数(UNEP)进行气候评价,利用空间插值及Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对西藏及各气候区ET_0时空变化特征进行分析,并通过偏相关分析法对其主要影响因素进行探讨,结果表明:西藏共分为特干旱、干旱、半干旱、干旱半湿润、湿润半湿润和湿润气候区,主要为半干旱气候区。近32 a参考作物蒸散量整体呈减小趋势,变化趋势为-1.508 mm·a~(-1),可将32 a分为3个时段,1981—1989年处于高蒸散阶段,1989年后处于低蒸散阶段,2005年起又持续回升。西藏西部到东部,年际ET_0呈减小趋势。各气候区气象因子的影响基本符合平均气温日照时数平均风速相对湿度,且平均气温、日照时数及平均风速在干旱区的影响较湿润区更为显著。     

东北地区主要树种的分布与Thornthwaite指标的关系

根据树种的分布资料和气象资料,采用桑斯威特(Thornthwaite)方法计算东北地区50种主要树种的潜在可能蒸散(PE)和湿润指数(IM),利用半峰宽法计算热量指数PE的最适范围,并构建Thornthwaite气候指标与树种分布的地理三维要素(纬度、经度和海拔高度)的回归模型,分析东北地区主要树种水热分布规律。综合潜在可能蒸散(PE)和湿润指数(IM)两个气候指标,将东北地区主要树种划分为寒温湿润型,寒温潮湿型,中温耐旱型,中温湿润型,中温潮湿型,暖温耐旱型、暖温湿润型和暖温潮湿型等8个水热指标类群,并论述了东北地区主要树种的水热分布格局。     

参考作物蒸散量计算方法在极端干旱区的适用性

参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性鲜有研究。依据塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地收集的2005-2010年的气象资料,以Penman Monteith为标准,运用8种参考作物蒸散量不同计算方法,探讨在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的适用性及计算结果的差异性。结果表明：在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、Priestley Taylar计算结果偏小,而FAO Penman修正法计算结果偏大,仅Kimberley Penman和Hargreave与Penman Monteith的计算结果没有显著差异。 以2004年3-12月气象资料检验Penman1948、FAO24-Penman、Irmark Allen、Makkink、FAO Penman修正法和Priestley Tayla修正公式,计算结果与Penman Monteith月偏差仍然较大。偏差较大的原因是3种Penman计算方法均采用了不同的风速修正方法,由风速引起的空气动力项所占的参考作物蒸散量月贡献率不同,而Irmark Allen、Priestley Taylar和Makkink 3种方法仅考虑了辐射项,忽略了空气动力项。因此,这6种计算方法在极端干旱的塔克拉玛干沙漠不适用,仅有Kimberley Penman和Hargreave可以适用。     

基于混合型线性双源遥感蒸散模型的南疆绿洲地区干旱研究

利用MOD16蒸散产品数据以及2001—2014年新疆气象站点数据,基于混合型线性双源遥感蒸散模型估算南疆绿洲地区地表蒸散,并对比验证MOD16蒸散产品、反演蒸散量与研究区气象站蒸发皿实测蒸发量之间的关系。定义了蒸散干旱指数EDI,计算EDI距平,分析绿洲地区干旱分布特点,同时对比降水距平来检验干旱监测的准确程度。结果表明:MOD16蒸散产品蒸散量、模型估算蒸散量与蒸发皿实测蒸发量数据的相关性较好,说明利用MOD16蒸散产品数据估算蒸散量可行,也说明估算的蒸散量可信度高;由于绿洲地区北部水分供应更充足,EDI值空间上由南至北呈减小趋势,EDI值年际变化明显且均大于0.6;EDI距平与EDI同向变化,与降水距平反向变化;南疆绿洲地区在2001、2007、2008、2009、2014年的EDI值大于0.66。因此,EDI距平定义了干旱轻重程度界限:EDI临界值为0.66;EDI值越大,EDI距平越大,降水距平越小,干旱程度越严重。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.