草地螟发育阶段对伞裙追寄蝇的寄生效果

伞裙追寄蝇是草地螟、黏虫等重大农业害虫的优势寄生性天敌，对害虫种群数量的调控起着不可忽视的作用。本文研究了不同龄期草地螟对伞裙追寄蝇寄生效果的影响，为伞裙追寄蝇的室内扩繁和田间应用提供依据。在温度（25±1）℃，相对湿度（65±5）%，光周期14L：10D实验室条件下研究了伞裙追寄蝇对草地螟2、3、4、5龄幼虫及5龄期不同日龄幼虫的寄生效果，5龄期不同日龄幼虫对寄蝇的发育适合度。结果表明：伞裙追寄蝇对2～5龄草地螟幼虫都有寄生行为，但对5龄草地螟幼虫的寄生率（68.89%）显著高于其他龄期；且寄生5龄幼虫的羽化率最高（73.88%）。伞裙追寄蝇寄生能力随寄主日龄呈现先升高而后下降趋势，其中5龄后2～3日龄寄生率（74.44%）、羽化率（78.76%）均最高，子代发育历期最短，产卵量最高，为最适寄生阶段，说明室内扩繁伞裙追寄蝇寄主选择以5龄期2～3日龄草地螟幼虫为宜。     

甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂的密度制约效应研究

在温室条件下,就甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫寄生作用进行了研究,建立了其功能反应和干扰反应数学模型。结果表明:甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的寄生作用受寄主幼虫密度的制约,其功能反应模型为Na=0.4918TN0/1 0.011N0,甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂处理每头美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的时间是0.022d,瞬时攻击率为0.4918,每头雌成虫在1d内的最大理论寄生量为22.35头。甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的寄生作用受自身密度制约的影响,其干扰反应模型为:a=00946P-0.2835。     

草地螟寄生蝇寄生规律及控害作用研究

田间调查和室内饲养观察表明,康保县草地螟的寄生蝇主要有伞裙追寄蝇、双斑截尾寄蝇等5种。草地螟寄生蝇一般只寄生幼虫,未见寄生其他虫态。寄生率随草地螟幼虫密度增大、虫龄增长而迅速升高。多年发生资料分析,寄生蝇寄生率高的年份,下年草地螟的发生为害程度明显减轻。     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导的温光周期条件和低温贮藏

伞裙追寄蝇是草地螟的优势寄生天敌,是对草地螟进行防控的有效手段之一。为了提高天敌防控效果,本试验在室内条件下通过温度和光周期的设定,研究了伞裙追寄蝇的外源滞育诱导条件和低温储藏。结果表明,17℃下光照时间小于12 h,伞裙追寄蝇滞育率为100%,随着温度的升高,滞育率逐渐下降,29℃时,伞裙追寄蝇不发生滞育;不同温度（4～25℃）储藏后伞裙追寄蝇羽化性比为1.38～1.63（P>0.05）;16℃时伞裙追寄蝇滞育诱导临界光周期为12.53 h,18℃时临界光周期为11.12 h;越冬虫茧低温储藏后羽化率随着储藏时间的延长而下降。结果说明,温度对伞裙追寄蝇滞育起主导作用,在伞裙追寄蝇幼虫期施以低温处理,可以有效的诱导滞育,4℃低温贮藏最佳时间为50 d。     

不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇的寿命及生活力的影响

本文研究了取食不同浓度的蜂蜜、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和清水对照对伞裙追寄蝇寿命、日均存活率、产卵量、产卵期、逐日产卵量,以及子代发育历期、寿命、寄生率、羽化量、雌蝇率等指标的影响。结果表明,10%的蜂蜜水处理的伞裙追寄蝇,雌蝇平均寿命为33.13 d,雄蝇平均寿命为21.71 d,与清水对照存在显著性差异。喂食10%蜂蜜水的雌蝇存活天数最长为51 d。补充10%蜂蜜水的伞裙追寄蝇产卵量和日均产卵量与其他处理差异显著（P<0.05）,分别为70.20和13.77粒/d。10%蜂蜜水喂食的成虫其子代羽化出的雌蝇平均寿命最长,为35.41 d。不同营养源对伞裙追寄蝇子代蛹重、寄生率、雌蝇率的影响差异不显著。     

密度对双斑截尾寄蝇寄生草地螟的影响

双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa是草地螟优势寄生性天敌之一。本文研究了寄主密度和数量对寄蝇寄生草地螟高龄幼虫的影响。研究结果表明：双斑截尾寄蝇与草地螟幼虫在1：5～1：25五种不同的益害比时,双斑截尾寄蝇对草地螟幼虫的寄生数随寄主密度增加而增大,其中l：15时达到最高值（9．8±0．6头）,与其他处理差异显著;而寄生率随寄主密度继续增大而减小,当两者的比例增加到1：25时,草地螟幼虫的被寄生率仅为25．3％,显著低于1：5处理的84．0％。双斑截尾寄蝇与草地螟幼虫益害比相同时（1：10）,寄蝇寄生率随草地螟和寄蝇密度的增加而增大,在相同空间下达到5：50时,寄蝇的寄生率为最高,达66．4％。     

纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应

在室内测定了纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles cypris对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis幼虫的功能反应和寻找效应。结果表明,纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的功能反应可用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型Na=AN0/(F+N0)拟合,一头纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂雌蜂在24h内对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的寄生潜能A为10.7528头,寄主半饱和密度F为14.3864头。纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,即随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少。Hassell模型E=QP-m能较好地反映纵卷叶螟绒茧蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,拟合结果为:E=0.2956P-0.5890。     

蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应

在温度25±1℃、相对湿度70±5%、光照周期(L∶D)14 h∶10 h条件下,研究了蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应及干扰效应。结果表明,寄主密度、寄主日龄均影响寄生蜂的寄生效能。蝇蛹金小蜂对桔小实蝇2日龄(N2)、4日龄(N4)蛹的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,其方程分别为Na=0.4494N2/(1+0.0294N2)、Na=0.5586N4/(1+0.0253N4)。24h内单头雌成蜂最多可寄生2日龄、4日龄蝇蛹数量分别为15.29、22.08头。自身密度对蝇蛹金小蜂寄生产生一定的干扰效应,其干扰效应符合Hassell-Varley模型(a=0.0719P-0.2526),表明蝇蛹金小蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂个体间干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

马尾松毛虫寄生天敌—红尾追寄蝇的生物学研究

红尾追寄蝇是马尾松毛虫幼虫期的重要寄生天敌,主要寄生5～6龄松毛虫,第1、2、3代松毛虫寄生率分别为21.37. 44.95和0.71％。该蝇在湖南年发生5～6代,以蛹在土内越冬。95％以上的卵产于寄主胸足上,每寄主体上的着卵量为1～33粒,最多出蝇11头。当着卵量在7.5～20粒时,寄主陆续在幼虫和蛹期全部死亡;2.5粒时有3％的寄主仍能存活。寄蝇种群数量变动与当年5月气温成正相关,与7年下旬至8月上旬气温成负相关。     

三种赤眼蜂对不同密度大豆食心虫卵的寄生反应及其自身密度的干扰效应

为评估赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫的生物防治潜能,采用室内接虫法和数学模型拟合法分别研究了黏虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma leucaniae、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae和螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis对自然寄主大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella卵的寄生反应及其自身密度对寄主防控效果的影响。结果表明,3种赤眼蜂寄生大豆食心虫卵的数量均表现出随寄主密度的增大而增加的趋势,除寄主密度20粒卵外,3种赤眼蜂在其它寄主密度下的寄生数量均无显著差异。自身密度对3种赤眼蜂寄生作用均存在明显的干扰效应,表现出寻找效应随自身密度增加而降低的趋势,Hassell模型和Beddington模型均能较好地拟合赤眼蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,黏虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的寻找系数Q和攻击率a分别为0.3289、0.3270、0.2906和0.3267、0.3243、0.2853。在自身密度干扰作用下,3种赤眼蜂中,黏虫赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫表现出较好的防控潜能。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.