冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应

为能够较好的认识气候变化对冬雨型河流河川径流量的影响,更好的指导冬雨型河流水资源的合理开发利用,基于收集的水文气象资料,在分析研究区水文特性及气候变化规律的基础上,通过构建的三水源新安江水文模型及设定的不同气候情景,探讨了冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:瓦赫什河降水主要发生于冬春季,夏季降水量偏少,降水对径流影响不大,气温的高低直接决定着瓦赫什河的河川径流量;山区与平原区降水均呈弱的增加趋势,气温均呈升高趋势,相对而言,平原区气温升高趋势比山区更明显;通过所构建水文模型及设定不同的气候情景可以看出,对于冬雨型河流在区域研究区气温的变化比降水量变化对河川径流量影响更加敏感,气温升高河川径流量增多明显;逐月平均径流以4月、5月和10月对气候的变化最为明显,其中以4月和10月增多最显著,以5月径流减少最明显。     

霍林河流域洪水径流演变规律及驱动机制研究

霍林河是松嫩平原西部地区科尔沁、向海和查干湖湿地的重要补给水源,其洪泛作用对流域洪泛区环境系统的景观维系起着决定作用。选取流域3个代表测站近50年来的年最大洪峰流量序列,分析流域洪水径流演变的规律及驱动机制,包括自然和人为干扰两方面,可以为流域防洪减灾及洪水资源化利用提供理论依据。霍林河洪水以雨洪型为主,洪水多发于降雨...     

新疆艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异特征研究

本文着重从地质地貌、气候、植被、土壤及水环境等方面对艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异规律以及相互之间的联系,将有助于深刻了解该流域生态环境形成和演化的自然背景和各种资源组合的规律,这是解决艾比湖流域生态环境恶化问题关键出发点。综合分析艾比湖流域生态环境空间分异的气候、地质构造和地貌演化、地表水和地下水水文化学性质、土壤性状和水资源供应状况等自然地理要素,为该流域合理开发和配置各种资源提供理论依据,以保证该流域各种资源的可持续利用和生态环境的改善。     

青海省湟水流域河川径流特征分析

采用湟水流域几个主要水文站的实测年径流序列，分析了河川径流在地区上的分布规律以及年内年际间的变化；并对洪水和枯水特征及河川径流的随机性进行了分析。这些分析有助于掌握干旱半干旱河川径流的特征，为合理开发利用水资源提供依据。     

西北干旱区水资源利用与生态环境重建研究

西北干旱地区是我国西部大开发战略的重点建设区域之一。但是长期以来，由于气候干旱以及在市场经济利益驱动下所形成的人类对水产 过度开发利用，导致了一系列阻碍区域经济发展的严重生态环境问题。水资源的合理利用是干旱区振兴流域经济的主要保证，也是促使生态经济系统向良性方向发展的关键因素。本文从分析西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源系统特征、开发利用现状以及主要的水环境问题出发，得出干旱区生态恢复与重建必须以水资源的合理利用为核心的结论，同时提出了干旱区水资源利用优化途径与生态重建的基本对策。     

论干旱区水资源与生态环境问题

本文以我国西北和中亚地区（哈萨克斯坦南部）为主，论述开发利用水资源过程中所出现的生态环境的变化，探讨合理开发、利用水资源与生态环境的关系。     

北方干旱化对水土资源与粮食安全的影响及适应——以陕北地区为例

运用气候变率、线性回归、因子相关分析等方法,对1975-2005年陕北农牧交错区降水、温度变化进行分析,得出气候暖干化趋势显著的结论。对土地、水和粮食安全与干旱化相关系数离散程度分析表明:在气候干旱化作用和煤炭资源过量开发影响下,区域生态环境退化严重;以无定河、延河流域为例,发现流域年降水量每增加10%,其径流量增加22.22%,径流深度加深4.47%,年降水量每减少10%,径流量减少15.98%,径流深度减少3.56%的规律;粮食、牧草受暖干化影响,需水胁迫加剧,出现了产量降低,品质下降,草场承载力下降等问题;最后,针对土地、水和粮食安全对干旱化的响应,提出了适应性对策。     

人类活动对秦岭月河流域径流变化的影响分析

气候变化和人类活动是河川径流变化的主要驱动力。在相似气候的前提下,人类活动是流域径流变化的主导因素,定量识别人类活动对径流变化的作用机制对深入探究径流的变化特征具有重要意义。本研究以秦岭月河流域为研究对象,基于流域内水量平衡的基本原理,在相似气候的前提下,结合土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化,分析月河流域的径流变化来量化人类活动对径流的影响程度。结果表明:(1)1960—2018年流域内径流量的平均值为8.3×10⁸m³,径流整体呈现出减少的趋势,变化趋势不显著。(2)在相似气候的前提下,本研究共得出6组气候相似年组,其中有3组年径流量增加,2组年径流量减少。(3)以第3组相似年组(2000年和2016年)为例来定量区分气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响,2016年与2000年相比,径流减少了4.7×10⁸m³。(4)在第3组相似年组的时段内有25751.4 hm²的耕地转化为林地,林地面积增加了24998.9 hm²。(5...     

额济纳平原水资源特点与合理利用

水资源是额济纳平原生态环境恢复和绿洲稳定发展的决定性因素。本文根据额济纳平原不同形式水资源构成调查资料 ,分析了额济纳平原这个以河流补给为主的水资源系统的主要特点。通过对水资源的开发利用引起的环境变化分析 ,提出额济纳平原水资源的开发利用应以生态环境的恢复和建设为主要目标 ,要采取各种节水技术 ,合理的开发利用有限的水资源。     

新疆天山北麓奎屯河流域径流变化特征研究

奎屯河流域水资源总量为17.83×108m3,其中地表径流量为16.21×108m3,占水资源总量的90%以上。因此,研究径流补给来源及变化特征有助于掌握水资源的变化趋势,为水资源的开发利用提供可靠的依据。本文采用奎屯河流域各水文站径流系列资料,选取变差系数、年际极值比、集中度、集中期等参数,分析了奎屯河流域径流补给特性、来源、年内分配规律及年际变化特征。分析结果表明:奎屯河流域径流补给具有地带性和多样性特点,补给来源主要以冰川融水和雨水补给为主;年内分配极不均匀,集中程度高;年际变化相对稳定,变幅小,多年呈微弱增加趋势。     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

伊犁河流域地表水资源优势及开发利用潜力研究

伊犁河流域是新疆地表水系最发达、径流最发育、水资源最丰富的内陆河流域,具有流域降水丰沛,径流补给充分,径流量大;水系发达,河川密布;水量变化较小、泥沙含量较少、水质较好的资源优势。但受经济发展水平及产业结构层次的限制,伊犁河流域水资源总体上仍处于利用效率低下、生产经营方式落后、综合利用潜力巨大的初级开发阶段。依据部颁SL201-9《江河流域规划编制规范》和流域整体规划目标,经过水资源多目标开发平衡分析与评价,给出了伊犁河流域水资源综合开发和合理配置远景规划方案。     

Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sustainable development strategies of water resources.Specifically,understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions.In the paper,we used the VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed,along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation.The improved model performed satisfactorily.We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time.About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone(2,900-4,000 m asl),and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region(1,700-2,900 m asl)because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses.The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed.Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields(52.46% of the total runoff)in the upper Heihe River watershed,followed by grassland(34.15%),shrub(9.02%),glacier(3.57%),and forest(0.49%).In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components,three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study.Scenario 1,2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m,2,000-3,700 m,and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands,with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%,28.5% and 42.0%,respectively.The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%,13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios.The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow.The mountains as "water towers" play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant.     

秃尾河流域径流对降水变化的响应特征

利用双累积曲线法、相关分析法分别对年和季降水径流关系进行了分析,探讨了径流与不同时段降水的响应关系,并通过多元线性回归法定量分析了径流对降水变化的响应程度。结果表明:(1)秃尾河流域年径流呈显著减少,年降水呈先减少后增加的趋势。(2)秃尾河流域四季径流均显著减少,夏季径流变化与年径流变化趋势一致;降水量则春季增加,夏季减少,而秋季和冬季降水先减少后增加,年降水变化主要受夏季和秋季降水变化的影响。(3)秃尾河流域夏季径流对同期降水的相关程度最强,冬季最弱;年径流与最大一个月降水的相关程度最高,其次为夏季。(4)相比于基准期,水土保持效应时期(1978—1998年),径流对降水变化的响应比重为27.4%,人类活动等其他因素的比重为72.6%,其中取用水比重为13.9%;资源开发期(1999—2000年),年径流对降水的响应比重为21.4%,人类活动等其他因素比重78.6%,其中取用水活动比重为17.4%。自人类大规模活动以来,人类活动始终是径流减少的主要影响因素,其中取用水比重有所增加;降水因素对径流减少的作用减小。     

Impact of agricultural development on variation in surface runoff in arid regions: a case of the Aksu River Basin

Located in the south of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China.Agricultural development,excessive exploitation and low surface water use efficiency in the headstream regions have led to a marked decrease in the water supply to the mainstream.This,in turn,has resulted in the drying-up of the watercourse in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and serious deterioration of the eco-environment.The Aksu River Basin,the most important headstream of the Tarim River,was selected as the research area in this study.Taking elastic coefficient,water demand coefficient and water utilization intensity as the indices,we studied the impact of agricultural development on decreasing surface runoff since the 1950s.The results indicated that(1) the increasing rate of consumption of surface runoff outstripped the rate of increase measured in the natural catchment discharge,resulting in ever diminishing stream discharge into the Tarim River.Agricultural irrigation and seepage loss in irrigation canal systems were the major sources for runoff consumption,taking 63.72% of the overall runoff consumption.What's more,agricultural water consumption took up more than 97% of the water used for long-term production;(2) the expansion of cultivated land,change of planting structure and comparatively low agricultural irrigation efficiency all contributed to the decrease in surface runoff of the Aksu River.The elasticity coefficient of surface runoff reduction corresponding to the increase in planted area was 0.34 in the 1950s,while in the 2000s it had increased to 7.87.This reflected a more sensitive response of runoff decrease to cultivated land expansion.The increase in cotton and fruit production,without widely-used scientific irrigation methods and water-saving technology,led to considerable waste of the water resources.Meanwhile,the irrigation efficiency was still quite low,characterized by the waste of water resources,and the decrease of surface runoff;(3) in different stages,cultivated land area,planting structure and agricultural water use efficiency exerted different effects on runoff decrease.In the early stage,agricultural development showed no obvious effect on runoff decrease.Since the 1960s,the expansion in cultivated land resulted in large consumption of surface runoff;since the 1990s,not only expansion in cultivated land expansion,but also planting structure exerted significant impact on the consumption of surface runoff.Recently,though agricultural water use efficiency has improved in some regions to reduce the consumption of runoff to a certain extent,overall agricultural water use efficiency is still quite low;(4) during the investigation period,water consumption by agricultural development reflected the unbalanced relationship between human activities and water resources.     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

长春城市发展下的水资源演变特征

本研究选取长春市作为研究区,通过对比分析不同历史时段城市水资源量及其可利用量的变化特征,研究了长春市城市发展过程中的水资源变化特征。研究表明,由于人口增长、经济和产业发展、水污染加剧等综合区域发展因素,以及河流径流量持续减少,导致长春城市人均水资源占有量和可利用量明显下降,城市水资源的供需矛盾突出,本地水资源已无法满足城市发展的需要。同时,城市供需水的结构也发生相应变化,产业用水,以及城市景观用水等其他用水明显增加。长春城市用水已经越来越依赖松花江的客水资源,以远距离调水为特征的城市供水模式在未来将会对该区域社会经济的发展模式产生直接影响,同时对长春城市经济文化的发展以及产业结构调整等均产生重要而深远的影响。     

Runoff of arid and semi-arid regions simulated and projected by CLM-DTVGM and its multi-scale fluctuations as revealed by EEMD analysis

Runoff is a major component of the water cycle,and its multi-scale fluctuations are important to water resources management across arid and semi-arid regions.This paper coupled the Distributed Time Variant Gain Model(DTVGM)into the Community Land Model(CLM 3.5),replacing the TOPMODEL-based method to simulate runoff in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.The coupled model was calibrated at five gauging stations for the period 1980–2005 and validated for the period 2006–2010.Then,future runoff(2010–2100)was simulated for different Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP)emission scenarios.After that,the spatial distributions of the future runoff for these scenarios were discussed,and the multi-scale fluctuation characteristics of the future annual runoff for the RCP scenarios were explored using the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition(EEMD)analysis method.Finally,the decadal variabilities of the future annual runoff for the entire study area and the five catchments in it were investigated.The results showed that the future annual runoff had slowly decreasing trends for scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 during the period 2010–2100,whereas it had a non-monotonic trend for the RCP 4.5 scenario,with a slow increase after the 2050 s.Additionally,the future annual runoff clearly varied over a decadal time scale,indicating that it had clear divisions between dry and wet periods.The longest dry period was approximately 15 years(2040–2055)for the RCP 2.6 scenario and 25 years(2045–2070)for the RCP 4.5 scenario.However,the RCP 8.5 scenario was predicted to have a long dry period starting from 2045.Under these scenarios,the water resources situation of the study area will be extremely severe.Therefore,adaptive water management measures addressing climate change should be adopted to proactively confront the risks of water resources.     

黄河干流水文缺水分类模型研究

本文通过对黄河干流节点径流频率分析和超越机率分析,推求了节点水文缺水量。通过制定黄河干流水文缺水等级划分标准,用节点天然径流系列为样本,建立了节点水文缺水分类模型。应用分类模型,进一步得到了节点缺水状态转移概率矩阵。节点水文缺水分类模型和状态转移概率矩阵将会对黄河干流水资源合理配置提供决策依据。     

哈密地区冰川变化趋势分析

雪冰融水是哈密地区地表径流的一种主要方式。受全球气候变暖的影响,哈密地区的冰川处于加速融化的阶段,水资源成为哈密地区发展的主要瓶颈。通过对哈密地区冰川物质平衡、面积、厚度、冰川区水文气象等参数的观测,预测冰川水文和水资源的变化,为更好地利用好哈密地区有限的水资源,为可持续发展,提出应对措施。