应用阿维菌素防治柿绒粉蚧、日本蜡蚧试验

柿绒粉蚧、龟蜡蚧是柿树上重要害虫 ,用18%爱福丁500～2000倍液防治柿绒粉蚧初孵若虫 ,防效为82.4%～95.9% ;1000～2000倍液防治龟蜡蚧初孵若虫效果为 95.7%～99.6%。用 0.3%菜虫立灭800～2000倍液防治龟蜡蚧初孵若虫 ,防治效果达 83.3%～100.0%。     

石榴常见害虫的发生与防治

为害石榴的害虫种类较多 ,我国有 2 0 0多种 ,常见的有以下几种 :1　日本龟蜡蚧俗称蚧壳虫 ,属同翅目蜡蚧科 ,以若虫固着在叶片或新梢上吸食汁液 ,并分泌粘液 ,诱发煤污病 ,影响光合作用 ,使树势衰弱 ,引起大量落叶、落果 ,严重时可致绝产甚至全树枯死。1.1　防治方法1.1.1　药剂防治　若虫孵化后至蜡壳形成前是药剂防治的有利时机 ;生产上 ,可在若虫孵化期用 2 5 %亚胺硫磷 80 0～ 10 0 0倍液、5 0 %马拉硫磷 10 0 0～15 0 0倍液、5 0 %西维因可湿性粉剂 4 0 0～ 5 0 0倍液或5 0 %敌敌畏乳油 80 0～ 10 0 0倍液 ,每隔 7～ 10ｄ喷 1次 ,连喷…     

杜英日本龟蜡蚧药剂防治试验

选用8种杀虫剂对遵义杜英日本龟蜡蚧进行防治试验。结果表明,分别于若虫孵化盛期和末期喷施40%啶虫·毒死蜱乳油1 600倍液、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂2 500倍液、10%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂1 250倍液,第2次施药后10d防治效果分别为98.62%、97.59%和90.64%,显著高于其他处理。40%矿物油·毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液、70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂2 500倍液、24%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂1 500倍液防效次之,均在80%以上。     

松突圆蚧寄生蜂室内大量繁殖和林间释放研究

松突圆蚧寄生蜂的繁殖和利用是防治该虫的重要手段之一。在室内用马铃薯、南瓜和柠檬等果实饲养茶钹盾蚧、夹竹桃蚧和红圆蚧虫作寄主，大量繁殖林间优势种长缨盾蚧丽蚜小蜂、爱友丽蚜小蜂和范氏黄小蜂，以及从日本引进的匀鞭蚜小蜂，均能在提供的寄主和条件下寄生、发育和繁殖。     

红圆蚧3种寄生蜂的生物学研究

本文研究寄生于红圆蚧的３种寄生蜂生长发育，产卵和寿命。结果表明，印巴黄蚜小蜂发育最快，岭南黄蚜小蜂次之，盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂最慢。前两者偏好寄生较大的３龄蚧虫；而盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂则偏好较小的２龄蚧虫，从不同龄期羽化的该虫生产卵量也不同。建立一个温度与发育速率的模型，模拟结果与试验结果基本相符。     

柑橘红蜡蚧若蚧孵化情况及药剂防效调查

室内观察了上海地区柑橘红蜡蚧若蚧孵化特点,并通过田间试验调查药剂防效。结果表明,柑橘红蜡蚧若蚧5月下旬开始孵化,6月上、中旬为孵化高峰期。雌成虫有效卵孵化量达412.72~916.10粒/头。供试药剂中,20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂2 500倍液,95%矿物油乳油200倍液和22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂4 000倍液,药后10 d防效均在98%以上。     

柑桔园释放印巴黄蚜小蜂防治红圆蚧的试验

盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂和岭南蚜小蜂为广东柑桔园红圆蚧的主要寄生蜂。１９８８年我们从美国加州引入印巴黄蚜小蜂，经繁殖后在桔园分３次释放，每树共放蜂４０００头。结果说明该蜂能成功地在广州越冬。在桔园原有的天敌基础上释放印巴黄蚜小蜂后，红圆蚧的总寄生率逐月变化较大，多数月份在２０％左右，最高３０％，最低９．５％。其中被盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂寄生的虫数，每月都高于岭南蚜小蜂和印巴黄蚜小蜂的总和，寄生率高出１．４～１１．７％，说明盾蚧长缨蚜小蜂为本地的优势蜂种     

松突圆蚧寄生蜂优势种及引进寄生峰的繁殖利用研——Ⅰ.寄生蜂种类的调查、采集、引进和中间寄主的饲养研究

松突圆蚧Hemiberlesin pitysopila的寄生蜂繁殖和利用是防治该虫的重要手段之一。本地林间的优势种为长缨盾蚧丽蚜小蜂Encarsia citrina,爱友丽蚜小蜂E.amicula和范氏黄蚜小蜂Aphytisvandenboschi。日本引进的蜂种为匀鞭蚜小蜂Encarsia sp.和范氏黄蚜小蜂等两种。几种供繁蜂用的中间寄主以茶钹盾蚧Abgrallaspiscyanvphylli、红圆蚧Aonidiella (aursmlii、褐圆蚧Chrysomphalua aonidum、夹竹桃蚧Aspidiotus nerii、桑白盾蚧Pseudau lacaspispentagona等几种较为理想,其中以茶钹盾蚧为好。几种繁蜂用寄主可以用南瓜、马铃薯和柠檬等易于找到的和耐保存的植物果实在室内大量繁殖。     

范氏黄蚜小蜂个体发育研究

范氏黄蚜小蜂 Aohytis vandenboschi 在林间是松突圆蚧的一种较优势蜂种,自然寄生率可高达33.24%,我们在1989～1990年曾在室内以茶长本圆蚧 Abgrallaspiscyanophylli 为寄主大量饲养,以作为防治松突圆蚧的寄生蜂。为此目的,对此种蚜小蜂的个体发育及形态作了初步研究。     

河南中部地区蚧虫寄生蜂的种类和生物学简记

近年来,我们在郑州、中牟、新郑、许昌、漯河等河南中部地区对蚧虫寄生蜂的种类、分布、寄主及一些种类的生物学作了初步调查,采得的蚧虫寄生蜂已鉴定的有3个科共11种,其中绵粉蚧刷盾长缘跳小蜂Cheiloneurus quercus Mayr为我国新记录(标本保存于河南农学院植保系)。现将结果报导于后。蚜小蜂科 Aphelinidae 1、中华圆蚧蚜小蜂Pteroptrix chinensis(Howard) 寄生苹果和核桃树上的梨圓蚧Quadras pidiotus perniciosuS(Comstock)、核桃树上的皱大球蚧Eulecanium kuwanai(Kanda)、桃树上的东方盔蚧Parthenolecanium corni orientalis Borchs。成虫5月中旬羽化。据1982年5～6月在许昌调查,对核桃树上梨圆蚧的寄生率40—60％。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.