不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对半干旱区玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

研究合理的秸秆覆盖耕种模式是实现半干旱区秸秆覆盖条件下玉米绿色高效生产的重要途径。开展2 a大田试验，设置传统耕作模式(CK)、秸秆覆盖模式(T1)、秸秆覆盖+深松模式(T2)、秸秆覆盖+碎混模式(T3)4个处理，研究不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对玉米根系伤流特性、光合特性、碳氮代谢相关酶活性、生长发育、产量及其构成因素和水分利用特性的影响。结果表明：不同处理玉米根系伤流强度、伤流液中细胞分裂素(CTK)和生长素(IAA)含量均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,脱落酸(ABA)含量表现为T1>CK>T2>T3;与CK和T1处理相比，T2与T3处理的CTK和IAA含量显著增加、ABA含量显著下降。玉米叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、表观叶肉导度(AMC)和叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,气孔限制百分率(L_s)表现为T3相似文献   

覆膜方式对旱作夏玉米产量和温室气体排放的影响

在西北半湿润易旱区雨养条件下，研究了不同覆膜方式对夏玉米土壤水分、温度、生长、产量及温室气体排放的影响。以平作无覆盖为对照（CK），设置4种覆膜方式：垄沟种植垄覆白膜（T1）、垄沟种植垄覆黑膜（T2）、连垄沟播白膜全覆盖（T3）和连垄沟播黑膜全覆盖（T4）。结果表明：与平作无覆盖相比，地膜覆盖显著增加了表层土壤温度和土壤含水量，促进了夏玉米生长；T1、T2、T3、T4处理产量比CK分别增加了19.32%、8.88%、25.59%、29.61%，水分利用效率分别增加了25.95%、14.71%、41.22%、44.20%；各处理N₂O和CO₂排放趋势一致，N₂O排放峰值出现在苗期，T1、T2、T3和T4处理N₂O各生育期排放总量分别比CK高178.26%、134.78%、334.78%、256.52%，T3与T4处理CO₂各生育期排放总量显著高于T1和T2处理，且各处理都显著高于CK；CH₄排放无明显趋势，T1、T2、T3、T4处理都增加了CH₄吸收总量；T1、T2、T3、T4处理温室气体增温潜势（GWP）均显著高于CK，T3与T4处理GWP无显著差异，但都显著高于T2处理；T1、T2、T3、T4处理气体排放强度（GHGI）分别比CK高151.93%、124.65%、246.53%、186.90%，T3处理GHGI显著高于T4处理。综合考虑产量与温室气体排放，连垄沟播黑膜全覆盖为该地区旱作夏玉米绿色高效生产适宜的覆膜方式。     

干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿内源激素含量的影响

为探究不同根型苜蓿在不同生长年限的抗旱性与内源激素间的关系,采用高效液相色谱法测定根茎型、直根型、根蘖型苜蓿播种当年及生长第2年在干旱胁迫后地上与地下部内源激素吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、玉米素（ZT）和脱落酸（ABA）含量。结果表明,随干旱胁迫加剧,播种当年及生长第2年,根茎型、直根型和根蘖型苜蓿地上、地下部IAA和ZT含量显著降低,相比CK,IAA的年均降幅分别为50.09%、36.52%、49.15%和58.17%、53.42%、56.62%,ZT的年均降幅分别为38.11%、52.57%、36.18%和43.86%、63.94%、54.17%。ABA含量显著升高,随生长年限延长增幅降低,种植当年及生长第2年的增幅分别处于62.50%～358.82%和19.70%～85.19%之间;而GA₃含量在播种当年显著下降,生长第2年中、重度胁迫下达到峰值。相比CK,播种当年地上、地下部GA₃/ABA、IAA/ABA、（IAA+GA₃+ZT）/ABA比值及干质量随胁迫加剧呈下降趋势;生长第2年...     

外源ABA对低温胁迫下小豆幼苗生理及产量的影响

在盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个小豆(Vigna angularis）品种龙小豆4号（耐冷型）和天津红（冷敏型）为材料，于苗期在人工气候室进行低温（4℃，持续12 h）及预喷施外源脱落酸（abscisic acid，ABA）处理，旨在研究苗期低温胁迫下外源ABA对小豆叶片逆境生理指标（H₂2O₂2、丙二醛（MDA）、抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质）和产量因子的调控效应。结果表明：幼苗期低温处理12 h后，龙小豆4号和天津红小豆叶片H₂2O₂2含量分别提高34.82%和27.10%；MDA含量分别提高65.56%和83.79%；SOD和POD活性分别提高6.67%和18.48%、45.53%和102.44%；脯氨酸含量分别提高33.12%和24.41%。低温处理导致龙小豆4号百粒重下降2.58%，与喷施清水相比，低温处理12 h后天津红的单株荚数和百粒重分别下降18.55%和10.61%(P＜0.05）。喷施外源ABA具有抵御低温的作用，外源ABA促进龙小豆4号和天津红叶片脯氨酸含量提高9.13%和19.76%；H₂2O₂2含量降低7.63%和8.36%；MDA含量降低10.18%和20.27%；SOD和POD活性分别提高9.06%和13.57%、8.26%和28.51%，同时百粒重分别提高8.56%和8.92%。低温胁迫下，不同品种小豆的生理应激存在显著差异；喷施外源ABA能够有效缓解低温胁迫对小豆的伤害。     

‘李光杏’花芽分化时期内源激素及碳氮比值的动态研究

为了明确‘李光杏’花芽分化的时期及分化特点,研究其花芽分化的调控机制,于2018年采用常规石蜡切片方法对花芽分化的时期进行观察,并测定内源激素及碳氮比值的变化。‘李光杏’自6月20日开始至10月初分化完成,其过程分为未分化期、分化初期、萼片分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期、花粉细胞期等7个时期,分化盛期集中在8—9月份,且各时期均有重叠现象。6月下旬,随着形态分化开始,ABA、CTK含量下降并维持低水平;IAA含量呈上升趋势,且9月份出现峰值(239 ng·g~(-1));ZR、GA含量的变化呈先升后降趋势,9月出现峰值,分别为ZR(64.8 ng·g~(-1))、GA(317 ng·g~(-1));6月份(未分化期)ABA/IAA、ABA/GA、ZR/IAA比值显著高于其他时期,ZR/GA的变化呈先升后降趋势,7月份出现最高值,为0.25,9月份(雌蕊分化期)最小,为0.21。GA/IAA在6月份最高(1.79),进入形态分化期后逐渐下降。ZR/ABA的变化呈先升后降趋势,9月份最高(0.24)。全氮、全碳含量不断降低,直至10月初分化完成后显著升高,且C/N呈先升后降趋势。本研究结果认为,ABA、CTK这两大促花激素的含量显著升高以及较高的ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA及ABA/GA的比值(分别为3.75,0.41,194时)有利于花芽分化进行,当碳氮比(C/N)升高(37.31～54.79)时,有利于‘李光杏’花器官的形成。     

不同处理下菘蓝苗中IAA和靛玉红含量分析及合成部位研究

自然干旱、20 mmol/L ABA、4℃低温处理培养30 d的菘蓝组培苗,不同时闻内取样,用高效液相色谱法测定其中IAA的含量.结果表明:干旱处理菘蓝组培苗在12 h内能提高其IAA含量242.04%～262.87%;ABA处理与干旱处理有相似结果;低温胁迫处理24 h也能提高IAA含量503.87%.此外用高效液相色谱法测定了生长一个半月的菘蓝实生苗中IAA和靛玉红含量.结果为:花中IAA含量大于根中,叶中没有;靛玉红则在叶中最多,花中次之,根中最少;初步表明菘蓝中IAA和靛玉红虽然具有类似的分子结构,且逆境胁迫处理都可使其含量增加,但在植物体中的产生部位有差异.     

不同刻芽处理对苹果枝条内源激素和发芽成枝的影响

为揭示苹果枝条内源激素动态特征与发芽成枝对不同刻芽处理的差异性反应,探明不同刻芽处理条件下苹果内源激素调控枝条芽眼萌发的机制,以3 a生‘中秋王’苹果的1 a生枝条为材料,设全刻芽(T1)、基部刻芽(T2)、中部刻芽(T3)、上部刻芽(T4)4个处理,以不做刻芽处理的枝条为对照(CK),研究其内源激素含量与枝条萌发成枝的关系。结果表明,刻芽处理可显著提高中秋王苹果枝条刻芽部位的萌芽率、成枝力(P0.05),萌芽率和成枝率整体分别较CK提高了9.3%和171.7%。枝条萌芽率与成枝力呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数为0.643,与长枝率、短枝率呈显著正相关和负相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.594和-0.613。刻芽后,枝条被刻部分芽中IAA和GA_3含量最高,分别较CK提高26.5%和40.3%,而ABA含量较CK降低了66.1%。刻芽后7 d枝条芽中ZT/IAA比值和刻芽后14 d ZR/GA_3比值与萌芽率负相关性最好,相关系数分别为-0.731和-0.719,说明这两个指标对枝条萌芽的调控作用最大。     

施氮时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响

以10 a生酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’为试验材料，运用水肥一体化滴灌的方式分别在萌芽期（S1）、新梢旺长期（S2）、开花期（S3）、果实第一次膨大期（S4）和副梢生长旺期（S5）一次性施入300 kg·hm^-2尿素，对照为整个生育期均不施氮肥（CK），分别于花后50 d（DAF50）、花后85 d（DAF85）和花后120 d（DAF120）进行光合特性指标的测定，并采样分析氮肥施用时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响。结果表明：各生育期施氮均能增加叶片净光合速率（Pn）及PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm），在花前施氮肥叶片Pn和Fv/Fm增加最为显著，最高分别达到18.22 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和0.854。S1、S2和S3处理显著增大了不同生育期叶片气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr），且S2处理在DAF85时最显著，Gs和Tr分别比CK高18.5%和10.8%；S3、S4和S5处理显著降低了叶片的胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ），S1处理叶片Ci与CK之间无显著差异。果实第一次膨大期之前施入氮肥能够显著增大各生育期叶片的PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）和光化学淬灭系数（qP），最高分别达到0.889和0.959。可见，不同时期施氮肥，通过改变光合荧光相关参数影响叶片光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配，从而改善叶片光能利用效率。氮肥的施用时期影响各生育期叶片内源激素的含量，施氮肥均显著提高了DAF85后叶片玉米素（ZT）含量，与CK相比至少提高21.9%；花后施入氮肥叶片中IAA含量在果实采收时保持在34.9 μg·g^-1以上，S4和S2处理GA₃含量最高，分别为7.11 μg·g^-1和6.49 μg·g^-1。因此，氮肥施用时期影响葡萄各生育期不同内源激素的积累。     

叶面喷施K2SO4对‘瑞雪’苹果果实糖代谢的影响

为探究喷施不同浓度叶面钾肥对苹果品种‘瑞雪’果实品质的影响,确定最适宜‘瑞雪’的钾肥浓度,以4年生的‘瑞雪’为试验材料,叶面钾肥种类为K₂SO₄,设置3个浓度梯度分别为T1（0.1%）、T2（0.3%）和T3（0.5%）,以喷施清水为对照（CK）。叶面钾肥分5次施入,第一次施肥时间为5月22日（花后38 d）,此后每隔一个月喷施一次。各处理分别于花后45、75、105、135 d和180 d采集果实样品并测定糖组分、糖代谢相关酶活性以及果实基本品质等指标。结果表明：与对照相比,处理组（T1、T2、T3）均显著提高了‘瑞雪’果实的单果质量,分别比CK高12.6%、25.9%和4.4%;果实硬度分别比CK显著提高7.7%、29.6%和12.1%;可溶性固形物含量分别比CK显著提高了1.14、1.95和0.87个百分点;处理组均显著降低了可滴定酸含量,分别比CK降低了0.04、0.05和0.09个百分点。其中,T2处理后的果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量最高,单果质量为335.75 g,硬度为9.82 kg·cm^-2,可溶性固形物含量为16.35%。T3处理后的果实可滴定酸含量最低,为0.19%。施钾显著提高了新梢叶片中N、P、K、Ca和Mg的含量,显著提高了果实中N、K、Ca和Mg的含量,果实中P含量并没有显著上升。T2处理后成熟果实中果糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖含量显著上升,与CK相比分别提高了35.54%、33.22%、25.31%。钾可以提高果实中酸性转化酶（AI）、山梨醇氧化酶（SOX）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）和蔗糖合酶（SS）的活性,在花后180 d时,T2处理 AI、SOX、SDH、SS活性相比于CK分别提升了4.54%、2.08%、19.11%、12.81%。相关分析表明,施钾与果实中葡萄糖含量在花后45 d和75 d具有极显著正相关性（r_45DAB=0.879^**、r_75DAB=0.893^**）;与山梨醇含量在花后180 d具有极显著负相关性（r_180DAB=-0.861^**）。施钾与果实中的中性转化酶活性在花后135 d具有极显著正相关性（r_135DAB=0.763^**）;与山梨醇氧化酶活性在花后45 d和75 d具有极显著正相关性（r_45DAB=0.717^**,r_75DAB=0.880^**）;与蔗糖合酶在花后180 d具有极显著正相关性（r_180DAB=0.739^**）。最适宜‘瑞雪’苹果喷施K₂SO₄叶面肥的浓度水平为0.3%（T2）,此浓度下可以显著提高果实产量和品质。     

臭氧胁迫对大豆根系激素含量和活性氧代谢的影响

以大豆（Glycine max.）为试验材料,探讨臭氧(O₃)浓度升高〔(80±10) nL·L^-1)对大豆根系内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。研究表明：在大豆整个生育期内,O₃胁迫处理下的大豆根系脱落酸（ABA）含量、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量与对照相比显著（P<0.05）升高,生长素（IAA）含量显著（P<0.05）降低,内源激素间平衡改变,IAA/ABA、AR/ABA及(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值显著（P<0.05）降低,超氧阴离子产生速率、MDA含量、POD活性和脯氨酸含量与对照相比显著（P<0.05 ）升高,SOD和CAT活性显著（P<0.05）降低。O₃胁迫在一定程度上可以改变内源激素的含量及激素间的平衡比例,提高大豆的抗氧化能力,但是,长时间的胁迫作用将导致抗氧化系统氧化损伤,从而使膜脂过氧化程度加重,对大豆表现为伤害效应。     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.