枯草芽孢杆菌B02产生拮抗物质培养基及发酵条件优化

采用单因素和均匀试验设计,通过摇瓶培养对枯草芽孢杆菌B02产生抑菌活性物质的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化。结果表明,最适接种体培养时间为24h;优化后的培养基配方为（g/L）：糊精15.5g、牛肉膏20g、胰蛋白胨4g、NaCl 11.5g、KNO311.5g、MnSO45g;适宜培养条件为：温度30℃,初始pH值范围为7-8,接种量5%,摇瓶装液量50ml/500ml,转速200r/min,最佳培养时间72h。     

绿僵菌无纺布菌条制作工艺

在接种优良液体种子的基础上，以单位面积的产孢量为指标，筛选了制作多种蛀干害虫的病原——绿僵菌无纺布菌条的最佳营养组合及培养条件。结果表明，最佳营养条件为（g／L）：白砂糖20g、黄豆粉40g、蛋白胨6g；琼脂含量对产孢量无显著影响；最佳培养条件为：25℃下，相对湿度（RH）95％，产孢量可达3．6×10^8～3．7×10^8孢子／cm^2。     

毛竹枯梢病拮抗细菌巨大芽孢杆菌6-59菌株的产芽孢条件优化

为了提高芽孢的形成率,采用单因素和正交试验设计,通过摇瓶培养对毛竹枯梢病拮抗细菌巨大芽孢杆菌6-59菌株芽孢形成的发酵培养基和培养条件进行优化。结果表明:优化后的培养基配方为:玉米粉1.0%、大豆蛋白胨1.0%、CaCl2·2H2O0.1%、MnSO4·H2O0.05%;适宜培养条件是:种龄20h、接种量8%、培养基初始pH为6.0、装液量30mL/250mL、培养温度30℃、摇床转速200r/min。在此优化条件下,6-59菌株发酵液中的芽孢数量为2×109个/mL,芽孢形成率达96.4%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌DZ1的培养基及发酵条件优化研究

本研究以枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）DZ1作为研究试材,通过单因子试验及正交试验,确定其适宜的摇瓶培养基及发酵条件。结果表明,培养时间、培养基及培养条件对Bacillus subtilis DZ1的活菌数影响差异显著。DZ1的最佳种龄为12h,最佳碳源和氮源分别是可溶性淀粉和酵母膏。影响枯草芽孢杆菌DZ1活菌数的主要因素为酵母膏,其次为可溶性淀粉,K2HP04和MgSO4-7H2O影响较小。DZ1的最优培养基组合为可溶性淀粉l％,酵母膏1％,K2HPO40．15％,MgS04-7H200．02％,CaCl20．01％,在此条件下,其活菌数可达44．1×10。CFU／mL。单因子试验结果表明,DZl的适宜摇瓶培养条件分别为培养基温度34℃,初始pH值7．0,摇床转速180r／min和接种量7％。     

苏云金杆菌HBF-1菌株的活芽孢对HD-1菌株增效作用的特异性

通过HBF-1菌株培养物各组分与HD-1菌株混合对棉铃虫的LC∞测定结果表明，HBF-1孢晶混合物对HD-1的纯晶体和孢晶混合物分别增效170．0％、80．0％，HBF-1活芽孢对HD-1的纯晶体和孢晶混合物分别增效240．0％、160．0％，HBF-1纯晶体和死芽孢均无增效作用。在一定范围内，随着HBF-1菌株活芽孢浓度的增高，其增效作用逐步提高，HBF-1活芽孢浓度为100μg／g时对棉铃虫的增效作用最大，使其死亡率提高了40．0％；HBF-1活芽孢浓度为50μg／g时对小菜蛾的增效作用最大，使其死亡率提高了47．0％。     

绿僵菌R8-4菌株大量培养固相阶段的条件

研究了昆虫病原真菌绿僵菌R8—4菌株液固两相法培养过程中固相培养阶段的条件，包括培养基载体、接种量、接种后基质含水量、培养过程中的温度、光照、通气量等因素对产孢量的影响。结果表明：蛭石和稻壳均可作为固相培养的优良载体，以蛭石为载体的产孢量稍高于稻壳。玉米粉和麦麸组合是该菌的良好营养源，与不同载体配合均可使产孢量达到20×100孢子／g以上；以小米提供营养的不如麦麸加玉米粉，当小米与载体的质量比大于3：1可获得15×100孢子／g的产孢量。液固接种比以8：10最佳；接种后适宜的基质含水量约为55％，产孢量达28．9×10^8孢子／g；在培养过程中，恒温培养时以25℃为宜；最佳温度调节方式是先在25℃下培养16d后转移到21℃下再培养5d，可获得最高产孢量；光照调节对菌株生长和产孢有重要影响，培养前期在暗环境培养14d，再于光照培养7d的产孢量最高；高通气量利于菌株生长和产孢，应保持容器通气口通畅，培养基厚度以〈4cm为宜。     

致病杆菌D43菌株产素培养基及发酵条件

对致病杆菌产生抗生素的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行了研究，同时对该菌代谢过程pH值、还原糖、总糖、氨基氮与抗生素产量的关系进行了分析。通过筛选，确定了对该菌产素有利的碳源、氮源和无机盐。用正交试验初步确定了该菌产素的最佳发酵培养基和条件为（g／L）：麦芽糖5g，牛肉胨10g，牛肉膏5g，CaCl25g，KNO30．2g。发酵培养基的起始pH值在6．0～8．0、种龄16h、摇瓶装量25—150ml／500ml的条件下，培养72h可获得较高的抗生素产量。产素量与菌代谢过程中pH、还原糖、总糖和氨基氨的变化有一定关系。通过培养基和培养条件的研究使该菌的产抗生素能力提高了46．67％。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HF—01发酵条件优化

为探讨解淀粉芽孢杆菌BacillusamyloliqruefaciensHF-01菌株液体发酵条件,提高其活性次级代谢产物的产量,以茵体生物量和发酵液拮抗柑桔绿霉病菌PenicilliumdigitatumSacc．活性为指标,采用单因子试验和正交设计方法对菌株的最适发酵培养基成分及发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,菌株HF-01最适发酵培养基为葡萄糖3．0％、酵母提取粉0．5％、氯化钠0_3％、硫酸镁0．1％;最佳发酵培养条件为初始pH值6．0～6．5、培养温度28℃、培养时间48h、250mL三角瓶装液量90mL、接种量体积分数6％、摇床转速130r·min-1。在最佳发酵培养基和培养条件下,菌株HF-01抑菌能力提高37．3％;25℃条件下,优化后所得发酵滤液处理柑橘果实4d后,发病率为31．7％,病斑直径为25．9mm,显著低于优化前所得发酵滤液的发病率56．7％和病斑直径48．1mm。     

地衣芽孢杆菌WIO发酵产生抗茵蛋白的研究

地衣芽孢杆菌BacilluslicheniformisW10是1株生防细菌,其能产生抗菌蛋白,对多种植物病原菌有较好的抑制效果。本试验研究了菌株W10产生抗菌蛋白的发酵条件,为工厂化生产工艺提供技术支持。试验结果表明,接种菌龄12h,2％接种量,发酵液pH7．0,发酵培养60h是菌株W10产生抗菌蛋白的适宜发酵条件。控制发酵温度有利于抗菌蛋白积累,第一段温度为30℃培养20h,第二段温度为28℃至发酵结束。最佳溶氧量为20％。2次补料发酵效果要高于分批发酵,补料为500mL含10g．L-1葡萄糖和5g·L-1蛋白胨的培养基;选用200mg·L-1聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯甘油醚（GPE消泡剂,泡敌）为消泡剂。利用优化的控制条件发酵培养菌株W10,与优化前相比,对目标病菌的抑菌率增加了34．6％。     

长柄木霉ACCC30150与哈茨木霉ACCC30371产厚垣孢子的液体培养条件

对长柄木霉ACCC30150与哈茨木霉ACCC30371产生厚垣孢子的液体培养条件进行了研究.结果表明,培养基、培养温度、初始pH值、氧气等因素对两菌株产生厚垣孢子的数量均有影响.在培养基、培养温度、初始pH值不变的培养条件下,装瓶量对两菌株产生厚垣孢子数量的影响大干转速.两菌株产生厚垣孢子的最佳条件:长柄木霉ACCC30150为玉米秸秆粉或Gorodkowa培养基,在28℃、初始pH5.0、250r/min、装瓶量75ml/250ml下培养,10d后厚垣孢子数量达4.07×108个/ml;哈茨木霉ACCC30371为玉米秸秆粉培养基,在28℃、初始pH6.0、250r/min、装瓶量75ml/250ml下培养,10d后厚垣孢子数量达5.13×108个/ml.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.