绿僵菌R8-4菌株大量培养固相阶段的条件

研究了昆虫病原真菌绿僵菌R8—4菌株液固两相法培养过程中固相培养阶段的条件，包括培养基载体、接种量、接种后基质含水量、培养过程中的温度、光照、通气量等因素对产孢量的影响。结果表明：蛭石和稻壳均可作为固相培养的优良载体，以蛭石为载体的产孢量稍高于稻壳。玉米粉和麦麸组合是该菌的良好营养源，与不同载体配合均可使产孢量达到20×100孢子／g以上；以小米提供营养的不如麦麸加玉米粉，当小米与载体的质量比大于3：1可获得15×100孢子／g的产孢量。液固接种比以8：10最佳；接种后适宜的基质含水量约为55％，产孢量达28．9×10^8孢子／g；在培养过程中，恒温培养时以25℃为宜；最佳温度调节方式是先在25℃下培养16d后转移到21℃下再培养5d，可获得最高产孢量；光照调节对菌株生长和产孢有重要影响，培养前期在暗环境培养14d，再于光照培养7d的产孢量最高；高通气量利于菌株生长和产孢，应保持容器通气口通畅，培养基厚度以〈4cm为宜。     

培养条件对枯草芽孢杆菌B68芽孢产量的影响

为了提高枯草芽孢杆菌B68芽孢形成率及芽孢数量，研究了营养条件、初始pH值、溶氧水平对其芽孢产量的影响。结果表明：芽孢形成的最适培养基组成为（g／L）：葡萄糖10g，大豆饼粉10g，NaCl5g，MnSO4·H2O 0．6g；最佳初始pH值7．0；最佳装瓶量为250ml三角瓶装100ml培养液。在此条件培养下，于150r／min、28oC恒温培养72h后，芽孢数量最高可达到1．60×10^14cfu／ml，芽孢形成率可达到88．92％。     

球孢白僵菌HFW-05的诱变筛选及其对烟粉虱若虫的毒力测定

对田间分离到的球孢白僵菌进行孢子紫外诱变选育，获得一毒力较高、性能稳定的突变株HFW-05。初步研究结果表明，该菌株在SDAY、PDA、PCA平板培养基上8d内的平均菌落直径生长速度分别为3．13、2．25、2．75mm／d。在感染浓度（1×10^8孢子／m1）下，HFW．05菌株对2龄烟粉虱若虫的6d平均累计致死率为96．4％；对1、2龄烟粉虱若虫的LC50分别为1．87×10^6孢子／ml、2．09×10^6孢子／ml，其毒力分别为出发菌株的2．68和3．2倍。     

一株高毒力刀孢蜡蚧菌最适培养条件的优化及其对桃蚜的毒力测定

刀孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium psalliotae是一种重要的昆虫病原真菌,在害虫生物防治中应用广泛。为明确刀孢蜡蚧菌生长和产孢的最适培养条件,本文对一株刀孢蜡蚧菌HFLP006菌株的培养条件进行优化,比较了不同培养基种类、初始接菌量、培养温度、供试碳源和氮源对该菌株产孢量的影响。结果表明,在SDAY液体培养基中,以8%接菌量培养8 d能够获得最大产孢量2.83×10⁹个孢子/mL。菌株HFLP006最适产孢温度为26℃。以甘露醇和葡萄糖为碳源能够获得最大产孢量,分别为1.28×10⁹和1.25×10⁹个孢子/mL,二者之间差异不显著。以酵母浸粉为氮源获得的产孢量（9.48×10⁸个孢子/mL）最大,且显著高于其他氮源处理组。使用1×10⁷个孢子/mL的菌悬液对桃蚜进行毒力测定,处理后第7 d试虫平均校正死亡率达80.73%。本研究所获得的结果对菌株HFLP006的大规模工业生产和生物防治应用均具有重要意义。     

金龟子绿僵菌固态培养生物变量优化研究

金龟子绿僵菌属于真菌类生物杀虫剂,本文研究了接种量、种龄、菌种代数等生物因素对金龟子绿缰菌生长及产孢量的影响,并对液—固两步发酵工艺进行了研究。经过优化,得到金龟子绿僵菌产孢的最佳生物参数是:接种量为2.5g/100g、种龄为5-6天;采用固体二代种,培养6天,孢子产量可达1.531×10~(10)孢子/g干培养基。     

苯醚菌酯

理化性质：苯醚菌酯属甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯类杀菌剂，是我国具有自主知识产权的新农药。纯品外观为白色粉末。熔点：108℃～110℃：蒸气压（25℃）：1．5×10^-6Pa；溶解度（g／L，20℃）：水中3．60×10^-3，甲醇中15．56，乙醇中11．04，二甲苯中24．57，丙酮中143．61；分配系数（正辛醇／水）：3．382×10^4（25℃）；在酸性介质中易分解；对光稳定。化学名称：（E）-2-[2-（2，5-二甲基苯氧基）-苯基]-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯；结构式：     

不同浓度增效剂对金龟子绿僵菌、黄绿绿僵菌和球孢白僵菌产孢的影响

生防菌作为一种重要的生物杀虫剂，被开发成多种制剂应用于农林害虫的防治；微生物制剂的生产成本高、耗时长，极大影响其生产效率。本试验通过液固两相发酵法筛选出提高金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana产孢量的最优增效剂浓度。结果表明0.1%浓度增效剂对金龟子绿僵菌的促产孢作用达最大化，浓度达4.48×10⁹孢子/g；黄绿绿僵菌的最适增效剂浓度为0.05%，浓度达2.75×10⁹孢子/g；当增效剂浓度小于0.1%时利于黄绿绿僵菌的产孢，增效剂高于0.1%时抑制产孢；而球孢白僵菌的产孢量与增效剂浓度正相关，最大浓度达7.41×10⁹孢子/g。在真菌液体发酵过程中添加产孢增效剂，有效提高了真菌产孢量，缩短了真菌培养周期，为提高真菌制剂生产效率、节约成本提供理论支持。     

栎链蚧寄生菌座壳孢菌生物学特性的研究

对栎链蚧Asterodiaspis variabile Russell的座壳孢菌Aschersonta sp．进行了菌落形态持征观察、菌落生长速度、产孢特性观察以及孢子萌发等试验，结果表明，菌落生长及产孢最佳条件为：PDA培养基和玉米粉琼胶培养基，25℃，pH6～7，12L：12D；孢子萌发最佳条件为：25℃，pH6～7，1％蔗糖、葡萄糖溶液，为24h光照。     

对张北小菜蛾高毒力白僵菌菌株的筛选

小菜蛾是河北坝上错季蔬菜生产区最重要的害虫,为了探索对其无公害治理方法,以张北的小菜蛾为试虫,测定了33株球孢白僵菌对其幼虫的僵虫率,从中筛选出5株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有较高致病力的菌株;从致死中浓度（LC50）和致死中时（LT50）的测定结果分析,BD-B026菌株的毒力最高,其处理后7d的LC50为0．47×10^5个／mL孢子,含1．0×10^8个／mL孢子菌液的LT50为（1．57±O．027）d,对小菜蛾表现出较强的致病力,具有一定的开发前景。     

影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子

在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

A systematic review of the literature reveals trends and gaps in integrated pest management studies conducted in the United States

Integrated pest management (IPM) is a broad‐based approach for addressing pests that negatively affect human and environmental health and economic profitability. Weeds, insects and disease‐causing pathogens (diseases) are the pests most often associated with IPM. A systematic review, widely used in other scientific disciplines, was employed to determine the most commonly studied IPM topics and summarize the reasons for these trends and the gaps. In a field synopsis of the literature, 1679 relevant published papers were identified and categorized into one of the following five broad areas: IPM and organic (organic), climate change and pests (climate), rural and urban IPM (rural and urban), next‐generation education (education) and advanced production systems (technology). Papers were examined in greater detail for at least one of the three main pests in a systematic review. A majority (85%) of IPM papers have been in the area of rural and urban IPM, primarily addressing agriculture (78%). Professionals, landowners and the general public were the focus of a majority (95%) of IPM papers on education. Technology is an increasing area of focus in the literature. Over the past 40 years, IPM papers have primarily (75%) addressed insects and been limited mostly to rural and urban settings. Climate change, technology and education specific to pest management studies are increasingly being published and will help broaden the focus that could result in increased adoption and development of IPM. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy–germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds

The transition from seed dormancy to germination is a multi‐step process. However, distinguishing between physiological processes involved in seed dormancy alleviation and those involved in germination has been difficult. We studied the seed dormancy alleviation process in Amaranthus tuberculatus, an important weed species in midwestern USA. Using three A. tuberculatus biotypes that differ in dormancy level, it was determined that stratification reduced seed dormancy from a high to a low level. Temperature alternation alleviated low seed dormancy and triggered germination. Exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) had no effect on seeds with high dormancy. However, ABA and paclobutrazol (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor) significantly reduced germination of seeds with low dormancy. Hormones could not replace the effects of stratification or temperature alternation on dormancy alleviation. Based on our results, we propose a seed dormancy–germination transition model in which the dormancy of A. tuberculatus seeds is progressively reduced from a high to a low level; but environmental conditions (i.e. stratification) can accelerate the dormancy alleviation process. Under low dormancy levels, the seed is more sensitive to environmental cues that are responsible for removing dormancy and triggering germination (i.e. temperature alternation). Finally, ABA and GA regulation occurs primarily during the final transition from low dormancy to germination rather than the alleviation of high dormancy.     

Description ofPauesia (Pauesia)anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) sp. nov., a parasitoid of the cedar aphidCinara cedri

The first parasitoid species reared from a population of the cedar aphid,Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1935 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), from the peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey is described.Pauesia anatolica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) is closely related to some species of thelaricis group ofPauesia from which it differs in the number of antenomers, the propodeum and features of the female genitalia. Its potential use as a natural enemy in areas where the aphid has been introduced is discussed. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Current statistical issues in Weed Research

The correct design of experimental studies, the selection of the appropriate statistical analysis of data and the efficient presentation of results are key to the good conduct and communication of science. The last Guidance for the use and presentation of statistics in Weed Research was published in 1988. Since then, there have been developments in both the scope of research covered by the journal and in the statistical techniques available. This paper addresses the changes in statistics and provides a reference work that will aid researchers in the design and analysis of their work. It will also provide guidance for editors and reviewers. The paper is organised into sections, which will aid the selection of relevant paragraphs, as we recognise that particular approaches require particular statistical analysis. It also uses examples, questions and checklists, so that non-specialists can work towards the correct approach. Statistics can be complex, so knowing when to seek specialist advice is important. The structure and layout of this contribution should help weed scientists, but it cannot provide a comprehensive guide to every technique. Therefore, we provide references to further reading. We would like to reinforce the idea that statistical methods are not a set of recipes whose mindless application is required by convention; each experiment or study may involve subtleties that these guidelines cannot cover. Nevertheless, we anticipate that this paper will help weed scientists in their initial designs for research, in the analysis of data and in the presentation of results for publication.     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Population dynamics of white grubs in the upland rice and maize environment of Northern Mindanao,Philippines

Soil sampling over a two-year period in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, revealed the presence of five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the deforested, infertile, and highly eroded grassland environment being converted to small farms. Population dynamics data point to Leucopholis irrorata (Chevrolat), Holotrichia mindanaoana Brenske, and H. flachi Brenske being biennial with Adoretus luridus Blanchard and Anomala humeralis Burmeister being annual species. The three biennial species are synchronized to even-numbered years. Small subpopulations of the biennial species show evidence of annual or allochronic cycles. L. irrorata has an annual cycle in other areas of the Philippines on sugarcane but takes two years to develop in Claveria probably due to infertile soils and a longer feeding period. Other subpopulations of young larvae and emerged adults occurring in the late rainy season were 'attempts' at multiple generations or delayed development, but were considered suicidal due to the impending dry season. Synchronization of life stages occurs with pupation and adult emergence with early rains. Habitat preferences of the five species were elucidated by topography, cultivation, and presence of trees. L. irrorata and H. mindanaoana adults were found in 30 flight trees. Most (81%) of the larval stages were found within the top 20 cm of soil but some dug to 70 cm depth. Peak third instar larval densities reached 25.5/m 2 for all five species combined, but due to the biennial cycles of the major species, white grubs present economic importance to upland rice and maize only in odd numbered years. Control efforts are most economically directed during even numbered years giving a two-year benefit in population reduction.