阿·苏WP对小菜蛾毒力测定及田间药效试验

室内毒力测定结果表明，阿·苏WP对小菜蛾有明显的增效作用，其共毒系数为150．1。大田试验结果表明，阿·苏WP1125－1500g·hm^-2药后3d对小菜蛾防效为66．3％－85．2％，药后7d达86．1％－95．6％。     

10%吡·噻可湿性粉剂防治水稻稻飞虱田间药效试验

10 %吡·噻WP防治水稻稻飞虱药后3d的防效达91 3%～94 2 % ,药后7d的防效达91 5 %～96 % ,药后14d的防效达76 6 %～84 2 % 对水稻稻飞虱防治效果相当理想,对水稻安全     

10%毒·高氯微乳剂防治柑桔潜叶蛾药效试验

试验结果表明 :10 %毒·高氯微乳剂 80 0倍、 10 0 0倍液喷雾 ,在柑桔新梢长 2 m m左右时施第 1次药 ,7d后再施第 2次药 ,药后 3d检查 ,对柑桔潜叶蛾的防治效果分别为 83.83%、 73.6 1% ,在新梢老熟时调查保梢效果 ,分别达 82 .4 9%、78.32 % ,均显著优于对照药剂 ,是防治柑桔潜叶蛾的较好药剂。     

30.5%毒死蜱·甲氨基阿维菌素笨甲酸盐微乳剂防治小菜蛾田间药效试验

田间试验表明,30.5%毒死蜱·甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对小菜蛾有良好的防治效果,15～25 mL/667 m2后14d防效均达98%以上.     

12.5%咪鲜·腈菌乳油防治香蕉叶斑病试验

用 12 .5 %咪·腈乳油防治香蕉叶斑病试验 ,药后 10 d6 0 0～ 80 0倍的防效达 84 .0 %～ 82 .4 % ,药后 2 0 d防效可达86 .2 %～ 84 .6 % ,药效显著高于咪鲜胺、腈菌唑 ,且对香蕉生长没有不良影响 ,值得在生产上推广使用。     

几种混配制剂防治美洲斑潜蝇田间药效试验

田间试验表明 :氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯分别与阿维菌素混配防治美洲斑潜蝇其速效性和持效性均显著优于单剂。以有效药量计算 ,19%氰戊·阿维EC(9.5g/667m²)、15%氰戊·阿维EC-1(7.5g/667m²)、15%氰戊·阿维EC-2(7.5g/667m²)药后 3～11d对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的校正防效分别为 85.17%～90.55%、86.20%～88.97%、85.90%～86.87% ;10%氯氰·阿维EC-1(5g/667m²)、10%氯氰·阿维EC-2(5g/667m²)药后 3～11d对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的校正防效分别为83.65%～87.36%、82.58%～87.66%。以上 5个处理均显著优于相应单剂氰戊菊酯和氯氰菊酯的同期防效 ;5个处理药后 3d防效均显著优于阿维菌素 ,药后 7～10d防效除 19%氰戊·阿维EC与之相比不显著外 ,均显著低于阿维菌素相应防效     

异丙威+吡虫啉防治稻飞虱田间药效试验

试验结果表明,早稻本田施用20%异丙威EC 80ml/667m2 10%吡虫啉WP 15g,药后20～30d药效维持在95.91%～97.35%.每亩施用20%异丙威EC 90ml 10%吡虫啉WP 20g,药后20～30d药效维持在99.08%～99.33%;晚稻秧田施药在本田期5～45d仍对稻飞虱有控制作用.上述混配药剂对稻飞虱的防效和对天敌的安全性均优于单独施用吡虫啉.     

6种杀虫剂对红花指管蚜的防治效果比较

采用茎叶喷雾法测试了6种杀虫剂对红花指管蚜的防效。结果表明,药后1 d,1.8%阿维菌素EC 500、1 000倍液、25%吡虫啉WP 500倍液、3%啶虫脒EC 1 000倍液、5.7%氟氯氰菊酯EC 1 000倍液及3%阿啶达EC 2 000倍液的处理防效较高,均在70%以上;药后3d各处理防效均明显提高,吡虫啉500倍液处理防效达92.28%;药后7 d,除阿维菌素和阿啶达处理外,其他处理的防效均呈现不同程度的下降。试验中对天敌杀伤力较小的是螺虫乙酯、阿维菌素和吡虫啉。从总体防效、保护生态等方面综合考虑,推荐阿维菌素和吡虫啉作为替代药剂防治红花指管蚜。     

60%吡·单可湿性粉剂防治稻飞虱的药效试验

试验结果表明:60%吡.单可湿性粉剂对稻飞虱高效,每667m240 g、80 g对水喷雾处理,药后1 d的防效分别为62.4%、66.7%,药后20 d防效分别为84.3%、89.7%.与对照药剂25%扑虱灵可湿性粉剂相当,持效期20 d以上.在生产上,60%吡·单可湿性粉剂防治稻飞虱,经济有效的剂量是每667 m240～80 g.     

50%异丙·吡蚜酮WP防治白背飞虱效果初探

在白背飞虱1～2龄期用50%异丙·吡蚜酮WP 20～40 g/667m2进行喷雾防治,药后1 d的防效为71.07%～76.57%,药后15 d防效达到90.51%～94.06%,药剂具有良好的持效性,且对水稻和天敌安全。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.