生姜中8种酰胺类除草剂残留的分析方法

建立了同时测定生姜中8种酰胺类除草剂(炔苯酰草胺、敌稗、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、甲草胺、丁草胺、丙草胺、苯噻草胺)残留的气相色谱(GC-ECD)分析方法。样品经乙酸乙酯超声提取(加入少量氢氧化钠溶液调节pH值至7),乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化,气相色谱检测。结果表明:在0.01~1 mg/L范围内,8种除草剂的线性相关系数均大于0.995,检出限(LOD)为4~10 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.05 mg/kg;在0.05、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下的平均回收率在79.0%~111.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.9%~11.5%。     

几种酰胺类选择性除草剂的特性

自盂山都公司于1956年开发成功旱田除草剂二丙烯草胺后,酰胺类除草剂有较大发展,到目前已有53个品种商品化,其中氯代乙酰胺类占主导地位。目前得到市场广泛认同的氯代乙酰胺类除草剂主要包括甲草胺、乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、异丙草胺、异丙甲草胺、精异丙甲草胺等7种,它们是高效、高选择性除草剂,大多数用于防除一年生禾本科杂草。     

莠去津和异丙草胺混配剂配方筛选试验

莠去津是防除玉米田一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的除草剂，但是在土壤中残效期较长。而异丙草胺为防除玉米田一年生禾本科杂草的酰胺类除草剂，残效期较短。为了寻求在玉米田施用的一种高效、安全、广谱、价格适宜的一次性除草剂，于2000～2002年进行了异丙草胺与莠去津混配试验，明确它们之间的混配效应，并筛选出最佳配方。     

美国环保署开始更多的登记再评审

<正>美国环保署又发布一批进入登记再评审农药的初步工作计划。已经向公众开放制定规则卷宗的农药有:杀真菌剂—啶酰菌胺(Boscalid),杀虫剂—氟啶虫酰胺(flonicamid),植物生长调节剂-敌草克钠(dikegulac-sodium)、萘乙酸(NAA),除草剂——精吡氟禾草灵(FluazifopP-butyl)、氟哒嗪草酯(Flufenpyr-ethyl)、异丙     

几种除草剂对大豆孢囊线虫存活和孵化的影响

在实验室内寄主体外测定了8种大豆田常用除草剂对大豆孢囊线虫（SCN）(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)2龄幼虫（J2）存活率及卵孵化的影响,同时测定了乙草胺和2,4滴丁酯+异丙草胺对温室和田间SCN繁殖的影响。结果表明,所有供试除草剂对大豆孢囊线虫J2均有不同程度的致死作用,其中以乙草胺、2,4滴丁酯+异丙草胺和嗪草酸甲酯处理效果最好,24 h死亡率分别达99.33%、99.33%和89.33%;乙草胺、2,4滴丁酯+异丙草胺、嗪草酸甲酯和精噁唑禾草灵处理7 d,J2的死亡率均达100%,精喹禾灵、精吡氟氯禾草灵和三氟羧草醚处理的死亡率分别为91.33%、81.33%和79.33%;所有除草剂对孢囊孵化都有较强的抑制作用,其中2,4滴丁酯+异丙草胺的抑制作用最强,孢囊孵化率仅为1.25%;乙草胺和2,4滴丁酯+异丙草胺对温室和田间SCN的繁殖均有较强的抑制作用,对大豆根系生长均无不良影响。不同除草剂对大豆种子萌发有一定影响。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱法同时测定大米中7种除草剂残留

建立了同时测定大米中西草净、异丙隆、苄嘧磺隆、莎稗磷、乙氧氟草醚、草酮和二甲戊灵7种除草剂残留的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS Triple TOF) 方法。样品经V (乙酸乙酯) : V (水) = 80 : 20混合溶液提取，以N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 为吸附剂进行基质分散萃取净化，采用HPLC-MS/MS Triple TOF检测，外标法定量。结果表明:7种除草剂在一定的质量浓度范围内，其峰面积与对应的质量浓度间线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.99；西草净、异丙隆、苄嘧磺隆和莎稗磷在0.001、0.01、0.05 mg/kg 3个添加水平下的平均回收率在75%~108%之间，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 在1.1%~7.0% (n = 5) 之间，定量限 (LOQ) 均为0.001 mg/kg；乙氧氟草醚、草酮和二甲戊灵在0.01、0.05和1 mg/kg 3个添加水平下的平均回收率在81%~108%之间，RSD在2.7%~9.0%之间，LOQ均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法样品前处理简单快速，方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求，可用于大米中西草净、异丙隆、苄嘧磺隆、莎稗磷、乙氧氟草醚、草酮和二甲戊灵残留的同时检测。     

异丙草胺&#183;异噁草松66％乳油的高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定混剂中异丙草胺、异噁草松的含量。使用Kromesil ODS、5μm为填料的不锈钢柱，以甲醇＋0．05％磷酸为流动相，检测波长215nm。结果表明，该方法测得异丙草胺、异噁草松的标准偏差为0．24、0．11，变异系数为0．53％、0．51％，线性相关系数为0．9998、0．9993，回收率为99．9％、99．3％。     

异丙草胺·异噁草松66%乳油的高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定混剂中异丙草胺、异噁草松的含量.使用Kromesil ODS、5μm为填料的不锈钢柱,以甲醇 0.05%磷酸为流动相,检测波长215nm.结果表明,该方法测得异丙草胺、异噁草松的标准偏差为0.24、0.11,变异系数为0.53%、0.51%,线性相关系数为0.999 8、0.999 3,回收率为99.9%、99.3%.     

异丙草胺·莠去津混配比例筛选及其悬乳剂的研究

氯代酰胺类与三氮苯类除草剂混配是减少后者对玉米田后茬作物药害的有效方法之一。选用异丙草胺和莠去津复配对玉米田主要杂草马唐Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.、大狗尾草Setaria faberii、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea等的室内防除效果配方筛选试验证明,异丙草胺∶莠去津质量比为18∶23(配方B)时其共毒系数大于100;对所选混配比例实验室配制悬乳剂的主要技术指标研究证明:配方B的主要技术指标如悬浮率、倾倒性、稳定性等均符合行业标准。     

皖南稻田除草剂药害发生现状及其预防对策

皖南稻区水稻除草剂药害呈现发生频率高、大型事故增多、影响层面广泛的新特点。造成药害的主要除草剂包括磺酰脲类的胺苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯磺隆、甲嘧磺隆，灭生性除草剂草甘膦、百草枯，酰胺类的乙草胺、丙草胺、异丙甲草胺，以及2甲4氯、二氯喹啉酸等。药害原因可分为使用者原因、生产者原因、经营推广者原因、环境因素影响等多种。介绍了缓解药害的经验措施。提出从源头上加强除草剂登记与质量管理．在销售和使用环节加强对有关人员的专业知识培训．严格试验示范推广程序，谨慎使用除草剂等预防对策。     

苗期水分管理对水稻分蘖及除草剂控草效应的影响

稻田除草剂大量及高频使用对农作物安全、土壤及水体环境构成了严重威胁,使得除草剂减量使用刻不容缓。水稻机插田药后长时间保水可显著抑制杂草,以此可减少除草剂用量,但长时间保水会导致水稻发育受限。盆栽试验表明,无论是否喷施除草剂30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油,杂草发生随保水时长增加而减少,且喷施除草剂对杂草防除具显著效果。田间试验表明,稻田施用30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油100 mL/667m~2后,药后保水7 d时的水稻分蘖及抑草的综合效应达到最佳。     

Effect of CGA 123407 as a safener for pretilachlor in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Recordings of elongation rates of single rice leaves

The elongation rates of single attached leaves of rice (Oryza saliva L.) were recorded. The effect of pretilachlor on the elongation rates and the safening effect of CGA 123407 [4, 6-dichloro-2-phenyl-pyrimidine] were evaluated. Both chemicals were applied to the roots in a nutrient solution. Pretilachlor reduced leaf elongation in concentrations as low as 300 μg^?1 (9–6 × 10^?7 M) but. for combination trials with the safener, 3 mg 1^?1 (9–6 × 10^?6 M) was used. in combination with pretilachlor the safener prevented damage in very low concentrations. The ratio of pretilachlor to safener, 30:1, was sufficient when both chemicals were given to roots in nutrient solution, although for field work the ratio of 3:1 is recommended. The safener alone did not influence the elongation rate of rice leaves in the concentrations used. When pretilachlor was given to the roots and CGA 123407 to the shoot, some delay in the herbicidal action was recorded but even with high concentrations of the safener no continuous safening effect was achieved. CGA 123407 was also effective when given previous to the herbicide. This proved true even with a 2-day interval between safener uptake and application of the herbicide. When pretilachlor was given first, the safener effected recovery to various degrees when given 1–4 days after the herbicide application. When pretilachlor was given for a limited period of time only (1–3 days) and was subsequently removed from the nutrient solution, recovery of the plant occurred. It is speculated that the safener either helps this recovery or else competitively prevents the herbicide from occupying the sites of action or from keeping them occupied for a long period of time.     

Influence of water stress on absorption, translocation and phytotoxicity of fenoxaprop-ethyl and imazamethabenz-methyl in Avena fatua

The influence of water stress on the absorption and translocation of ¹⁴C-labelled fenoxapropethyl and imazamthabenz-methyl in Avena fatua L. (wild oat) was studied. The phytoioxicity to A. fatua of both herbicides with a droplet application was also examined under water stress conditions. The absorption of both fenoxaproethyl and imazamethabenz-methyl was reduced by waler stress when the plants were harvested within 24 h after herbicide application. Up to 48 h after the application, the translocation out of the treated lamina of both herbicides, based on percentage of applied ¹⁴C. was reduced under water stress conditions. When havested 96 h after herbicide application, however, water stress no longer significantly affeaed the absorption and translocation of either herbicide. When the herbicides were applied as individual droplets, water stress reduced the phytotoxicity of fenoxaprop-ethyl but not that of imazamethabenz-methyl. It is concluded that the changes in herbieide absorption and translocation may not be the major physiological processes associated with differential whole-plant response oi A faiua to fenoxaprop-ethyl and imazamefhabenz-methyl under water stress.     

0.2%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺颗粒剂在水稻田中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法研究了0.2%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺颗粒剂在稻田环境中的消解动态和最终残留。稻田水、谷壳、稻秆和水稻植株样品用二氯甲烷提取,土壤样品用V（二氯甲烷）:V（甲醇）=9:1的混合液提取,糙米样品用V（二氯甲烷）:V（甲醇）=7:3的混合液提取后再用二氯甲烷萃取;HPLC法测定。结果表明:当添加水平在0.05~1 mg/kg（或mg/L）时,苄嘧磺隆和丙草胺的平均回收率均在75%~103%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.6%~13%;苄嘧磺隆和丙草胺的检出限（LOD）均为0.02 mg/L,最小检出量均为4.0×10-10 g,在稻田水中的最低检测浓度（LOQ）均为0.001 mg/L,在稻田土壤中的LOQ均为0.005 mg/kg,在水稻植株、谷壳和糙米中的LOQ均为0.01 mg/kg。在水稻移栽后5~7 d,采用直接撒施法在高剂量（270 kg/hm2,其中苄嘧磺隆有效成分为67.5 g/hm2,丙草胺有效成分为472.5 g/hm2）下施药1次的消解动态试验结果表明:在稻田水、土壤和水稻植株中,苄嘧磺隆的消解半衰期分别为5.06~5.83 d、9.76~11.55 d和4.52~4.82 d,丙草胺的消解半衰期分别为5.94~6.45 d、7.70~9.90 d和4.11~4.89 d。分别按低剂量（180 kg/hm2,其中苄嘧磺隆有效成分为45 g/hm2,丙草胺有效成分为315 g/hm2）和高剂量（270 kg/hm2）施药1次,在正常收获期收获的糙米中均未检出苄嘧磺隆和丙草胺残留。     

Relationship between safening activity of dymron and fenclorim to pretilachlor and glutathione S-transferase activity in rice

Dymron [1‐(α,α‐dimethybenzyl)‐3‐(p‐tolyl)urea] and fenclorim (4,6‐dichloro‐2‐phenylpyrimidine) were found to exhibit a safening activity on the growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings against pretilachlor [2‐chloro‐2′,6′diethyl‐N‐(2‐propoxyethyl)acetanilide] injury. By pretilachlor treatment at 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1, the elongation of the third leaves of rice seedlings was reduced by approximately 20 and 40%, and that of the fourth leaves was reduced by approximately 40 and 80%, respectively. Upon the treatment of dymron at 3 × 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1 in combination with pretilachlor, the growth inhibition was half alleviated in the third leaves, and the length of the fourth leaves was almost recovered from 10^–6 mol L^‐1 pretilachlor injury, and was 20–25% recovered from 10^–5 mol L^–1 pretilachlor injury. Upon the treatment of fenclorim at 3 × 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1 in combination with pretilachlor, the growth inhibition of rice seedlings was almost alleviated in both the third and the fourth leaves. This result indicated that dymron and fenclorim showed almost the same safening effect on the fourth leaf growth against 10^–6 mol L^‐1 pretilachlor injury, although fenclorim showed higher effects at higher concentrations of pretilachlor. Glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities in rice seedlings were investigated after being treated with a herbicide and safener. By pretilachlor treatment at 10^–6 and 10^–5 mol L^–1, the GST activity was approximately 32 and 72% increased in roots, respectively, and a little increased (7–13%) in shoots of two‐leaf‐stage rice seedlings. By dymron treatment at 3 × 10^–6?10^–5 mol L^–1, the GST activity was 2–30% increased in roots, but was not increased in shoots. By their combination treatment, the GST activity was almost the same or less than that by treatment with pretilachlor alone. In contrast, by fenclorim treatment alone, the GST activity was 43–52 and 33–45% increased in roots and shoots of rice seedlings, respectively. By the combination treatment of pretilachlor and fenclorim, the GST activity was increased 73–126% in shoots and 101–139% in roots, and was much more increased in both shoots and roots compared with treatment of pretilachlor or fenclorim alone. It was found that dymron showed less effect in increasing the GST activity than fenclorim. It is also suggested that dymron did not increase the GST activity in shoots but did increase it slightly in roots, and showed almost no effect on GST increase by pretilachlor in shoots, or rather reduced the increase in roots. From the above results, fenclorim and dymron may have different mechanisms of safening effects on the protection of rice seedlings against pretilachlor injury.     

Etude des phénomènes de sorption entre deux triazines herbicides et des acides humiques

A study of sorption phenomena between two triazine herbicides and humic acids Terbutryne is very readily adsorbed by humic acids while atrazine is only slightly adsorbed and this only in an acid environment. The influence of pH on adsorption and the competitive effect of the cations Ca²⁺, Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ shows that the proton form of the molecules of the two herbicides can be adsorbed by an ion exchange-type mechanism; the neutral form of terbutryne molecules could be adsorbed by other mechanisms. Desorption of terbutryne is accompanied by a more marked hysteresis phenomenon in the case of neutral molecules, and, in an acid environment, calcium shows a weak capacity for displacement in relation lo the adsorbed herbicide.     

Response of Brassica napus in tissue culture to metsulfuron-methyl and chlorsulfuron

A herbicide bioassay based on tissue cultures of Brassica napus L. was evaluated with selected sulfonylurea herbicides. Data were analysed by fitting the results to a log-logistic dose–response model. Within an experiment, the non-linear regression models were fitted simultaneously to the individual dose–response curves. The results obtained showed good response to even low concentrations of herbicide, with detection limits in the range 0.008–0.69 nmol L^?1 for chlorsulfuron and 0.02–0.13 nmol L^?1 for metsulfuron. The reproducibility of the assays, on the basis of coefficient of variation of the ED₅₀ values, was found to be 44% for chlorsulfuron and 48% for metsulfuron measurements. Assay of herbicide dissolved in aqueous soil extract showed significant interference from this matrix on the response, requiring a five times dilution of the extract to overcome this matrix effect.     

Sulfonylurea resistance in Lindernia micrantha, an annual paddy weed in Japan

Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides, including bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron and ethoxysulfuron, was discovered in naturally occurring populations of Lindernia micrantha D. Don in rice fields that had been treated with sulfonylurea-based herbicides for 3–7 consecutive years. The resistant biotype was approximately 80≈300 times more resistant than the susceptible one to the above four sulfonylurea herbicides. This is the second confirmed occurrence of herbicide resistance resulting from the use of sulfonylurea herbicides in Japan. Several herbicides with different modes of action, including pretilachlor, cafenstrole, bifenox, naproanilide, thiobencarb + simetryn + MCPB, MCPA-thioethyl + simetryn and cyhalofop-butyl + bentazone, effectively controlled the resistant biotype in pot trials.     

Chemical control of weedy rice in precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice in South China

Precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice, which is both cost‐ and labor‐saving, is based on the direct seeding of rice by using a precision rice hill‐drop drilling machine. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea), also known as “red rice”, is a major weed in precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice, causing an ≤80% yield loss and a reduction in grain quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the control efficiency of weedy rice by pretilachlor (a pre‐emergence herbicide) and fenclorim (a safener) and their safety for precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice in two consecutive years. The amount of rice seed germination was accelerated by soaking the seeds in the safener at 0.67 g ai L^?1 for 1 h before sowing. The pre‐emergence pretilachlor treatments were applied 2 days after sowing cultured rice. The inhibition of the shoot fresh weight of the cultured rice was reduced by 3.3, 6.4 and 7.4% with 450, 900 and 1350 g ai ha^?1 of pretilachlor at 32 days after sowing (DAS) and that of the root fresh weight was reduced by 2.6, 4.9 and 8.1%, respectively. With fenclorim and pretilachlor in a precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice field in 2010 and 2011, the weedy rice control efficiency at 32 DAS was reduced by 100 and 98.0%, respectively. The pre‐emergence pretilachlor treatments that were applied at 2 DAS were much more efficient in the weedy rice control and less inhibitory to the cultured rice growth. The rice yield was increased by 26.1–26.7% in the mechanical precise hill‐direct‐seeded rice, relative to the manual‐seeding rice, with the application of fenclorim and pretilachlor.     

基于登记用量分析我国四大主粮作物田除草剂的登记现状

为除草剂合理减施提供数据参考，本研究于2019年7月3日自中国农药信息网查询我国四大主粮作物——小麦、水稻、玉米和马铃薯登记的除草剂，并对这4种作物田登记除草剂单剂（含原药）及混剂的条目数量进行整体分析，并对所有单剂有效成分以及不同剂型的登记条目数量进行分析，筛选出高用量单剂有效成分，分别从剂型和防治对象上进行用量分析，再将用量最高的4种有效成分、3种作物和3种防治对象进行组合，对已登记的组合进行用量分析。结果显示：有效成分用量最大值、均值和范围排序均依次为水稻田、小麦田、玉米田和马铃薯田，并选出15种高用量单剂有效成分，其中2甲4氯钠、2，4-滴钠盐、苯磺隆、丙草胺、丁草胺、2，4-滴二甲胺盐和2甲4氯二甲胺盐等存在用量差异大、异常高值点多的问题；登记除草剂单剂有效成分用量最高的剂型为可溶粉剂，用量最高的防治对象为阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草；2甲4氯钠-水稻-阔叶杂草和2甲4氯钠-水稻-莎草科杂草组合用量差异大且离群高值点多，究其原因可能与剂型、厂家有关。为减少除草剂用量，建议在最低有效剂量研究基础上，选择有效成分用量较低的除草剂品种。