NYS-4菌株发酵液抑菌活性成分的分离及初步结构鉴定

NYS-4菌株是从秦岭地区土壤中分离到的一株放线菌。采用管碟法及抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了NYS-4菌株发酵液对多种病原细菌和真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:NYS-4菌株发酵液对白菜软腐病菌 Erwinia carotovora var.、猕猴桃溃疡病菌 Kiwi ulcer disease germs 和枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis 3种病原细菌具有较强的抑菌活性;对西瓜枯萎病菌 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp .Niveum 、烟草赤星病菌 Alternaria alternate 、油菜菌核病菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 等8种病原真菌菌丝生长亦具有较强的抑制作用。采用离子交换树脂吸附、凝胶柱层析、反相高效液相色谱等方法,结合高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术,对NYS-4菌株发酵液的活性次生代谢物进行了分离和鉴定,从中分离鉴定出14个链丝菌素(streptothticin)类化合物,其中, N -乙酰化链丝菌素A、 N -乙酰化链丝菌素B、 N -乙酰化链丝菌素B酸和链丝菌素B酸经初步鉴定为新化合物。     

菌株BM-24的分离鉴定及对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑菌活性

为了从饼肥发酵液中分离筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense有良好拮抗效果的菌株,以香蕉枯萎病病原菌为指示菌进行拮抗菌分离筛选.筛选得到29株拮抗菌,其中分离自菜子饼的菌株BM-24拮抗效果最显著.利用平板对峙法测定菌株BM-24抑菌谱,根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定,并测定其发酵液不同处理的抑菌活性.经鉴定,此菌株为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus,该菌株对供试的12种植物病原真菌均有很强的抑制作用,尤其对香蕉枯萎病菌1号和4号小种菌丝生长抑制作用最强,抑菌率分别达到87.2％和80.4％,其发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌具有很强抑菌效果,抑菌活性主要源于菌体竞争.     

利用链霉素耐药性突变筛选抗菌活性放线菌

利用链霉素耐药性突变,从天然无抗菌活性或活性微弱的12株放线菌中筛选活性菌株。在链霉素浓度为25 μg/mL时共获得99株耐药菌株。通过抑菌活性测定,发现7株耐药突变菌株的发酵液产生了抑制细菌活性,其中仅耐药突变株67S-14所产生活性物质的遗传性能稳定。室内抑制真菌活性测定结果表明:菌株67S-14发酵液对玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和棉花枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum的抑制率较原始菌株No.67提高50%以上。该突变株在菌落形态方面与原始菌株存在较大的差异。Doskochilova溶剂系统纸层析结果表明,该活性物质可能为大环内酯类抗生素。HPLC分析结果表明,该抗生素可能是突变菌株67S-14产生的代谢产物。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌MH71抗菌物质理化特性及对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MH71是一株高效广谱拮抗活性菌株,明确该菌株发酵液中活性物质的理化特性和抑菌活性,为解淀粉芽胞杆菌生物农药开发应用奠定坚实的基础。本研究在对菌株MH71抑菌活性物质理化特性研究的基础上,以番茄灰霉病菌为供试致病菌,探究了抗菌活性物质对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用;采用酸沉淀和硫酸铵沉淀分别获得脂肽类和蛋白类活性物质,SDS–PAGE电泳和HPLC分别对活性物质进行检测。该菌活性物质具有较强的耐热性和pH适应性,100 ℃处理60 min和121 ℃处理30 min后抑菌活性分别为原有活性的88.98%和79.60%,在pH 3～11时均有抑菌活性,且对紫外线、蛋白酶K、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶不敏感。该抗菌活性物质对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝的毒力测定结果表明,不同浓度发酵液处理的番茄灰霉病菌菌丝呈现出较多局部膨大或溢缩等异常菌丝。其发酵液经酸沉淀法得到抗菌脂肽类活性物质,经硫酸铵沉淀法得到抗菌蛋白,脂肽类的抑菌活性高于抗菌蛋白类物质,SDS–PAGE电泳检测,得到约40 kD的蛋白条带,HPLC检测表明该抗菌物质中有surfactin存在。     

拮抗菌AL7的鉴定及其生防特性的初步研究

从新疆棉田中分离获得一株细菌AL7,利用形态观察、生理生化性状测定结合16SrDNA、gyrB序列分析对菌株AL7进行种属鉴定,测定了菌株AL7及其挥发性气体对棉花黄萎病菌Verticillium dahliae的拮抗能力,利用酸沉淀法粗提菌株AL7的抑菌活性物质,并测定了该活性粗提物对棉花黄萎病菌生长及其孢子萌发的拮抗能力,利用薄层层析法对活性物质进行了初步分离。结果表明,菌株AL7为甲基营养型芽胞杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus,该菌株对棉花黄萎病菌具有极强的抑制作用,分泌在PDA平板中的抑菌物质对病原菌的抑制持效期达14d以上,该菌株产生的挥发性气体对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制效果达59.2%;菌株AL7的脂肽粗提物对棉花黄萎病菌抑制率达到82.8%,能够充分抑制大丽轮枝菌孢子的萌发,抑菌圈直径为36.1mm,生物自显影分析表明,菌株AL7分泌的抑菌活性物质Rf值约为0.75~0.83,该菌株在防治棉花黄萎病方面表现出较好的应用前景。     

拮抗核盘菌Bt菌株的筛选及抑菌活性研究

利用平板对峙试验从170株Bt菌株中筛选获得12株对核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum有抑菌活性的菌株,对其中4株活性较强的菌株进行抗病相关基因分析,发现菌株中都含有几丁质酶基因,测定4AP1菌株发酵液的几丁质酶活力为672.4U/mL。通过对4AP1菌株pH和温度敏感性的研究发现,4AP1菌株最高可耐受55℃高温及pH 12缓冲液的处理,抑菌活性与对照无显著差异。且该菌株抑菌谱较广,除核盘菌外,对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum等其他9种病原真菌均有抑制作用。本研究获得的4AP1菌株对核盘菌具有较强抑制作用,且耐热耐强碱环境,为构建杀虫抗病Bt工程菌提供了菌株资源。     

短短芽胞杆菌对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性和抑菌机理

为探讨短短芽胞杆菌菌株011对植物病原真菌的防控效果,采用平皿打孔法测定菌株011粗提液对14种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,并以番茄早疫病为研究对象,研究了其抑菌机理。结果显示,菌株011粗提液对14种病原真菌均有抑菌活性,其中对番茄早疫病菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌率达45.9%;菌株011粗提液能导致番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长异常,抑制孢子萌发;对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的EC50为71.4 mg/m L,对孢子萌发的EC50和MIC分别为0.12 mg/m L和0.8 mg/m L;该粗提液能引起番茄早疫病菌菌丝的脂质过氧化程度和细胞内过氧化氢含量上升,菌丝细胞膜的蛋白质合成量下降,当粗提液浓度高于50 mg/m L时,菌丝细胞膜的麦角甾醇合成量下降;该粗提液还能降低番茄早疫病菌胞外果胶酶和纤维素酶的活性。研究表明,菌株011粗提液可作为生防制剂应用于植物病原真菌的防治。     

短小芽胞杆菌DX01菌株Tn5转座突变株的抑菌活性筛选体系的建立

为建立短小芽胞杆菌Bacillus pumilus DX01菌株的Tn5转座突变株抑菌活性的高效筛选体系,采用发酵液平板抑菌法研究了各突变株发酵液对稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea生长的影响,并测定了目标突变株的几丁质酶和蛋白酶活性及发酵液对稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制率。从2 633个突变株中筛选出6个抑菌活性较对照菌株DX01显著变化的突变株。对照DX01发酵液对真菌孢子萌发的抑制率为36%,而突变株Tn5-901和Tn5-194则分别为96%和3%,抑菌活性与对照的差异达到极显著水平。其余4个突变株的几丁质酶、蛋白酶活性多重比较结果与发酵液平板抑菌结果并不完全一致,但发酵液平板抑菌法简单、高效,适用于短小芽胞杆菌突变株的抑菌活性初筛。     

一株产几丁质酶、抑真菌的侧孢芽孢杆菌

从524株芽孢杆菌中筛选出一株几丁质酶活力高的侧孢芽孢杆菌1.864菌株。研究表明该菌对小麦赤霉菌等6种病原真菌具有明显的抑制作用。通过几丁质酶抑制剂以及酶活力变化对抑制真菌活性的相关研究,初步认为该菌株的抑菌物质为几丁质酶。生物测定表明1.864的几丁质酶粗酶对蚊幼具有较高的活性,同时对Bt制剂杀虫活性具有明显的增效作用。     

新疆盐环境棉花黄萎菌拮抗放线菌的筛选及菌株TRM42561的防效测定和鉴定

为充分发掘新疆盐环境中生防活性放线菌,以棉花黄萎菌为靶标,从805株新疆盐环境放线菌中筛选获得14株拮抗菌,其中菌株TRM42561抑菌活性最强,其发酵液对棉花黄萎菌的抑菌圈直径达26.33 mm,且对6种常见植物病原真菌和4种细菌均有较好的抑制效果,抗菌谱广。室内抑菌活性表明,拮抗菌TRM42561发酵液对棉花黄萎菌菌丝生长抑制率为83.75%,孢子萌发抑制率为68.75%。田间试验结果表明,拮抗菌TRM42561对棉花黄萎病的田间防治效果显著,在3次施药后的第15和30 d,其防治效果分别达到33.06%和41.65%。通过菌株形态特征、培养特性、生理特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,确定拮抗菌TRM42561为娄彻氏链霉菌Streptomyces rochei。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.