安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受绿磺隆药害的机理

在盆栽和田间小区模拟条件下，测定了安全剂R-28725对玉米的株高和株鲜重的影响，确定了玉米体内GSH及其支链氨基酸的变化。结果发现：当绿磺隆的使用量为2．5、5、10g/hm^2时，R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重，混喷的效果显著高于其它处理。在绿磺隆的使用量为5g/hm^2时，使用R-28725混喷处理，玉米的产量为对照的101．68％。R-28725能够直接提高玉米幼苗中体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量，在绿磺隆浓度为1μg／kg，使用R-28725浸种处理，玉米幼苗中体内GSH含量增加27．83％，说明R-28725能够诱导绿磺隆与谷胱甘肽的轭合，从而达到解毒的目的。     

3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷减轻氯磺隆对玉米的伤害作用研究

采用室内生物测定方法,测定了玉米主根长、根鲜重、芽长、芽鲜重,研究了除草剂安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷减轻氯磺隆对玉米的伤害作用。试验结果表明:当安全剂3-二氯乙酰基-2,5-二甲基-2-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷与除草剂氯磺隆的浓度比为5∶1时,对玉米由1μg/kg的氯磺隆伤害有较好的解毒效果,保护率可达60%～110%。     

安全剂AD-67保护玉米免受单嘧磺隆药害的作用及其机理

采用生物测定法研究了安全剂AD-67对除草剂单嘧磺隆造成玉米伤害的保护作用,并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明:单嘧磺隆在浓度0.025～0.050mg/kg时,对玉米的生长有较为强烈的抑制作用;当AD-67的浓度在0.5～10mg/kg时,能不同程度地缓解单嘧磺隆对玉米的药害。当单嘧磺隆毒土浓度为0.025mg/kg,使用1mg/kgAD-67浸种处理,玉米的主根长和株高分别是对照的107.3%和100.82%;AD-67浸种处理的玉米,幼苗中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活性分别是对照的109.76%和113.33%。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受氯嘧磺隆药害的机理研究

研究了安全剂R-28725对玉米的保护作用及对氯嘧磺隆的解毒机理。当氯嘧磺隆的使用量为5、10、15 g/hm2时,加入R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重和产量,直接增加玉米体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,增加氯嘧磺隆与谷胱甘肽的轭合,从而达到解毒的目的。     

麦田用绿、甲磺隆复配剂对后茬作物的危害及控制对策

麦田用绿、甲磺隆复配剂对后茬作物的危害及控制对策吴嵩（江苏省东台市植保站２２４２００）１９９１年我市推广应用绿、甲磺隆复配剂麦草灵（麦草完）防除麦田杂草，效果虽好，但对后茬作物药害严重。据受害乡镇调查，秋播后每６６７ｍ２用麦草灵有效成份１ｇ，药后４个...     

绿磺隆应用的"后效应"观察

磺酰脲类除草剂绿磺隆及其复配剂(如麦草宁、双磺隆、麦草完等)在小麦田应用,杀草谱广、效果好,且价格低廉,因而推广面积很大。最大的缺点是,其“后效应”[1、2]显著:即其残留造成下茬玉米、花生、马铃薯、大豆、棉花等作物生长缓慢、畸形,甚至死苗。为指导今后茬口安排等...     

绿磺隆、醚苯磺隆及其体外代谢物对乙酰乳酸合成酶的离体抑制作用

利用异源表达于酵母细胞中的小麦细胞色素P450cDNA(CYP71C6v1)研究了磺酰脲类除草剂绿磺隆、醚苯磺隆的代谢作用。结果表明,代谢产物5-羟基绿磺隆和5-羟基醚苯磺隆能够抑制乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS酶)活性,且代谢产物与母体化合物绿磺隆、醚苯磺隆抑制ALS酶活性的IC50值差异小,但是代谢产物在茎叶喷雾小麦和菜豆时,均未表现出活性。绿磺隆及其代谢产物抑制小麦ALS酶活性的IC50值分别为7.1×10-9和7.9×10-9mol/L,抑制菜豆ALS酶活性的IC50分别为3.6×10-9和4.1×10-9mol/L;醚苯磺隆及其代谢产物抑制小麦ALS酶活性的IC50分别为4.6×10-9和5.3×10-9mol/L,抑制菜豆ALS酶活性的IC50分别为4.7×10-9和4.9×10-9mol/L。结果表明,在磺酰脲类分子苯环5位上进行结构改造,有可能得到高活性的化合物。     

1,8-萘二甲酸酐对高浓度单嘧磺隆协迫下玉米的解毒作用

为避免单嘧磺隆对后茬玉米的药害、评估单嘧磺隆原药中存在的主要杂质对玉米生长的影响,利用室内毒力测定、温室栽培试验和生理生化试验,对单嘧磺隆对玉米的毒力及其高浓度协迫下1,8-萘二甲酸酐(NA)对玉米的解毒作用进行了研究。试验结果表明,单嘧磺隆对玉米掖单13和农大 3138的IC50值分别为6.42和84.38 μg/kg,对玉米生长有抑制作用;而原药中的主要杂质对玉米生长的抑制作用很小,其IC50值均大于619 μg/kg。单嘧磺隆对玉米离体乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)的I50值在15.15~66.73 nmol/L之间,高浓度单嘧磺隆对玉米活体ALS的活性也有抑制作用。温室盆栽试验结果表明,1 000 μg/mL 的NA对171.44 μg/kg单嘧磺隆协迫下的玉米掖单13和农大3138有解毒作用;游离辅氨酸含量和叶绿素含量测定结果表明,NA对自身抗逆性较强的玉米品种农大3138的游离辅氨酸含量和叶绿素生物合成影响不显著,但能明显提高单嘧磺隆协迫下自身抗逆性较差的玉米品种掖单13的游离辅氨酸含量,并在一定程度上提高叶绿素的含量。因此,NA对单嘧磺隆协迫下玉米的解毒作用与NA提高了玉米的抗逆性有关。     

3.6%甲基碘磺隆钠盐·甲基二磺隆水分散粒剂防除小麦田杂草药效试验

3．6％甲基碘磺隆钠盐·甲基二磺隆水分散粒剂(阔世玛)是德国拜耳作物科学公司采用最新的安全剂技术,继世玛之后在中国市场推出的又一全新苗后选择性小麦田除草剂, 它为甲基二磺隆和甲基碘磺隆的混剂,能同     

甲基二磺隆及吡唑解草酯对不同品种小麦ALS酶的影响

采用温室盆栽茎叶喷雾处理,研究了3%甲基二磺隆油悬浮剂以及安全剂吡唑解草酯对不同品种小麦的耐药性及其对靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)的影响。结果表明,甲基二磺隆对敏18号小麦株高抑制程度明显高于抗6号。离体ALS酶含量和活力测定结果表明,抗6号ALS含量高于敏18号,在200和400 μmol/L的吡唑解草酯溶液中黑暗培养7 d,抗6号小麦ALS比活力比对照分别增加1.29和1.58倍,敏18号比对照分别增加0.25和0.15倍。抗6号小麦品种对甲基二磺隆耐药性较强。小麦自身ALS含量和比活力差异以及安全剂吡唑解草酯对它们的诱导差异可能是小麦品种对甲基二磺隆耐药性不同的原因之一。     

Uptake and phytotoxicity of chlorsulfuron in Zea mays L. in the presence of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride

The sites of uptake of chlorsulfuron in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated at three different growth stages. Exposure of seedling roots, or shoots separately, to herbicide-treated sand over 4 days resulted in inhibition of both roots and shoots. Exposure of seedling roots to chlorsulfuron-treated soil over 21 days severely inhibited both roots and foliage, while separate shoot exposure also reduced both foliage and root growth. After plant emergence, exposure of the crown root node, growing point and lower stem to treated soil reduced foliage and root growth, but exposure of the shoot above the growing point caused only slight inhibition of foliage and had no effect on roots. The herbicide safener 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA) applied as a dust (10 g kg^?1 seed weight), or as a 50 mg 1^?1 suspension in water to maize seeds, reduced the root inhibition by chlorsulfuron in 4-day-old seedlings. NA completely prevented both foliage and root injury when chlorsulfuron was placed in soil in the shoot zone before emergence, or in the shoot zone below the soil surface after plant emergence. NA slightly decreased injury to foliage, but not to roots when chlorsulfuron was placed in soil in the root zone before emergence. NA seed treatment protected both roots and foliage against injury from foliarly applied chlorsulfuron. Plants were also protected when a suspension of NA in water was sprayed on the foliage seven days before chlorsulfuron. When a mixture of NA and chlorsulfuron was applied to foliage, root injury was reduced more than foliage injury.     

己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯缓解氯磺隆对玉米药害的研究

采用室内土培法分别测定了不同浓度己酸二乙氨基乙醇酯（简称DA-6）和不同浓度氯磺隆对玉米生长的影响,不同浓度氯磺隆处理土壤DA-6浸种对玉米根生长的影响。结果表明DA-6浓度在0.5～20mg/L范围内,玉米根长、根鲜重和株高、株鲜重高于对照,其中以5mg/L最好;氯磺隆处理浓度自0.25μg/kg起,明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,且对主根长和根鲜重的抑制作用较株高和株鲜重更为严重;当用5 mg/L的DA-6浸种可不同程度地缓解0.25～8μg/kg的氯磺隆对玉米的伤害。     

Allelopathic potential of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Water extracts obtained from the roots, shoots, and fruits of mature wild onion ( Asphodelus tenuifolius ) plants and soil taken from an A. tenuifolius field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the laboratory. The roots, shoots, and fruits of A. tenuifolius were soaked individually in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h to prepare the extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The germinated seeds were taken out from the Petri dishes and counted every day for 12 days. The seeds of chickpea were also sown in sand and in each of the controlled, normal soil and the soil taken from the A. tenuifolius -infested field in Petri dishes to record the length and weight of the roots and shoots 18 days after sowing. The mean germination time reached the maximum amount for the stem and fruit extracts. The fruit extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and the germination percentage of chickpea. The different wild onion organ extracts significantly reduced the root and shoot length and biomass of the chickpea seedlings compared with the distilled water. The fruit extract of wild onion proved to be the most detrimental to the root length, shoot length, and dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. The soil beneath the A. tenuifolius plants significantly reduced the emergence, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight but increased the root dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. It is suggested that A. tenuifolius releases phytotoxic compound(s).     

Effect of chlorsulfuron and 1, 8 naphthalic anhydride on uptake of 45Ca in maize

The effect of chlorsulfuron on uptake of ⁴⁵Ca was studied in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Earliking) plants grown from seeds dusted with 1, 8 naphthalic anhydride (NA). ⁴⁵Ca absorption in sand-grown maize was significantly decreased when chlorsulfuron was applied to the foliage but this was not so when seeds had been dusted with NA. Uptake of ⁴⁵Ca was also reduced when either root or shoot soil zones were separately exposed to chlorsulfuron. When seeds had been dusted with NA, uptake of ⁴⁵Ca from main roots was similar to that of untreated plants, but only when chlorsulfuron was localized in the shoot zone. NA did not counteract the severe reduction in ⁴⁵Ca absorption when chlorsulfuron was localized in the root zone.     

Vegetative Growth of Sorghum and Striga hermonthica in Response to Nitrogen and the Degree of Host Root Infection

The effects of nitrogen and the extent of sorghum root infection by Striga hermonthica on host-parasite association during vegetative growth were studied using a split root system in a 3 × 3 factorial combination of N (37mg on one, 18.5 or 37mg on both root-halves) and Striga (no, one or both root-half infection). High N increased sorghum shoot weight by 22% more than low N, but did not significantly affect Striga growth 64 days after transplanting sorghum (DAP). Striga reduced sorghum stem height and weight by 22% and 25% at 38 DAP, and by 34% and 36% at 64 DAP, respectively. Leaf weight was not affected. Striga stimulated root growth 38 DAP, but not 64 DAP. In partially infected sorghum, 64 DAP, the parasite shoot number, shoot height and shoot dry weight were 36%, 46% and 35%, respectively and host shoot dry matter was 142% of those in fully infected plants, indicating an inverse relationship between the degree of host root infection and the level of resistance. The results suggest that sorghum released resistance-confering substances to the infection points after sensing infection. When infection points are widely distributed as in fully infected sorghum, less of such substances appear to render the host more vulnerable.     

水稻种质资源萌发期抗旱性综合鉴定

为完成水稻种质资源萌发期的抗旱性评价并筛选出抗旱性评价指标,利用PEG-6000高渗溶液模拟干旱条件,对33份水稻材料在胁迫条件下的发芽势、发芽率、最大胚根长、胚芽长、胚芽鞘长、根冠比、物质转运速率等11个萌发性状指标进行测定。结果表明,部分性状指标间的相关性达到显著水平,其中物质转运速率与根干重间的相关性最高,相关系数为0.83,根冠比与胚芽干重和胚芽长存在极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.51和-0.47;主成分分析将11个生长指标归类为4大因子,各因子中负荷量最大的指标为胚芽干重、发芽率、胚芽鞘长和根冠比,相关系数分别为0.4876、0.5266、0.6661、0.5988,可作为水稻抗旱性鉴定的主要指标;以各指标的隶属函数值进行模糊聚类分析,根据抗旱性强弱分为4大类,其中XS-13-12和XS-13-9为高度抗旱品种(系),XS-13-2、A218、XS-13-11等11份水稻材料为抗旱品种(系),稻花香、SN1204、XS-13-13、XS-13-3等14份水稻材料为中等抗旱品种(系),1043、SN9903、XS-13-4等6份水稻材料为干旱敏感品种(系)。     

Biological responses to glyphosate drift from aerial application in non‐glyphosate‐resistant corn

BACKGROUND: Glyphosate drift from aerial application onto susceptible crops is inevitable, yet the biological responses to glyphosate drift in crops are not well characterized. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of glyphosate drift from a single aerial application (18.3 m swath, 866 g AE ha^?1) on corn injury, chlorophyll content, shikimate level, plant height and shoot dry weight in non‐glyphosate‐resistant (non‐GR) corn. RESULTS: One week after application (WAA), corn was killed at 3 m from the edge of the spray swath, with injury decreasing to 18% at 35.4 m downwind. Chlorophyll content decreased from 78% at 6 m to 22% at 15.8 m, and it was unaffected beyond 25.6 m at 1 WAA. Shikimate accumulation in corn decreased from 349% at 0 m to 93% at 15.8 m, and shikimate levels were unaffected beyond 25.6 m downwind. Plant height and shoot dry weight decreased gradually with increasing distance. At a distance of 35.4 m, corn height was reduced by 14% and shoot dry weight by 10% at 3 WAA. CONCLUSIONS: Corn injury and other biological responses point to the same conclusion, that is, injury from glyphosate aerial drift is highest at the edge of the spray swath and decreases gradually with distance. The LD₅₀ (the lethal distance that drift must travel to cause a 50% reduction in biological response) ranged from 12 to 26 m among the biological parameters when wind speed was 11.2 km h^?1 and using a complement of CP‐09 spray nozzles on spray aircraft. Published 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

褐藻胶-富里酸改性石膏对玉米根系形态及植株生长的影响

为探究褐藻胶-富里酸改性石膏(AFG)对玉米(Zea mays L.)根系形态和植株生长的调控作用，评估AFG在玉米生产上的应用价值，于2022年设置6个AFG施用量：0(T0)、20(T20)、40(T40)、60(T60)、80(T80)、100 kg·hm^-2(T100),分析施用AFG对玉米根系形态性状和产量的影响。结果表明：施用AFG处理较不施用处理显著提高了土壤有效硫含量；施用AFG对根系形态性状具有明显调控作用，与T0相比，根总长度、根表面积、根平均直径、根尖数、根体积和根干质量的提高幅度分别为7.6%～18.2%、14.0%～31.2%、5.1%～11.0%、11.6%～17.9%、20.9%～45.7%和7.8%～18.7%。与其他处理相比，T40处理的根系形态性状最优，进一步提高AFG施用量则调控效果有降低趋势。施用AFG处理的玉米单株籽粒产量较不施用处理增加2.6%～8.9%,并以T40处理的单株籽粒产量最高。根尖数、根表面积、根系体积、根总长度、根冠比、根干质量和根平均直径与单株籽粒产量呈显著相关，对单株籽粒产量影响最强的根系性状为根干质量...     

琵琶柴（Reaumuria soongorica）地上植物量的估测模型

本文选择和利用在野外能够实地简单测定的高度、冠幅、基生枝条数、枝条直径、当年生枝条长度等数量特征对琵琶柴的地上植物量进行估测和模拟，从而能够动态监测其植物量变化。统计分析表明，琵琶柴的重量（Ｆ，Ｄ）与其植株高度、当年生枝条长度（１）相关不明显，而与冠幅直径（ｅ，ｓ）、枝条数（ｔ）、枝条直径总和（ｒ）相关明显，这一点与灌木有明显的差异。琵琶柴平均每丛枝条数为１０．６７，枝条的平均直径为０．８４ｃｍ。与其它变量的相关分析结果表明：琵琶柴的枝条数（ｔ）与重量、冠幅、高度均相关显著，但对于地上植物量的估测意义不大。各种变量中冠幅与植物量有十分密切的关系，东西直径与南北直径的乘积（ｅｓ）与干重的相关系数高达０．９５１，在多元回归中的偏回归系数也很高。故利用冠幅（ｅｓ）作为变量对琵琶柴的植物量进行估测是简便、易行的。估测模型如下：Ｆ（鲜重）＝－３１．０７５＋０．０７２ｅｓ（冠幅）ｒ＝０．９６４５ｒ２＝０．９３０９ｐ＜０．００１Ｄ（干重）＝－１５．８６６＋０．０２８ｅｓ（冠幅）ｒ＝０．９５０８ｒ２＝０．９０４０ｐ＜０．００１