基于作物种植结构优化的农业节水潜力分析——以武威市凉州区为例

以武威市凉州区为例,以传统节水潜力计算方法为基础,在保证粮食安全、工业原料需求、畜牧饲草等要求的前提下,增加了农业种植结构优化因素,提出了基于种植结构优化的农业节水潜力概念和计算方法。其计算过程包括降低灌溉定额、提高灌溉水利用系数、优化种植结构三个部分。运用该方法计算出2005年武威市凉州区基于种植结构优化的农业节水潜力为2.63亿m3,比传统的农业节水潜力提高13.3%,农业总产值增加6.04亿元,净收益增加4.32亿元。     

清代兰州地区的人地矛盾与农业技术选择

清代是兰州地区农业开发的重要时期,人口急剧增长造成人地关系的紧张,致使兰州地区传统的、粗放型的农业耕作方式面临巨大挑战。为提高单位面积粮食产量,兴修水利工程以增加灌溉面积和发明与推广砂田耕作技术以扩大旱地种植面积成为清代兰州地区民众农业技术选择的主要方面。     

2015年驻马店市玉米南方锈病暴发原因及其防治对策

根据2015年驻马店市玉米南方锈病的暴发流行特点,从气候条件和玉米生产情况等方面分析了重发原因,提出了以种植抗病品种、清洁田园、合理密植、健康栽培等农业措施为主,发生期化学防治为辅的综合防治措施.     

塔里木河上游阿克苏地区水资源与绿洲农业种植结构调整优化研究——以拜城县为例

水是干旱区绿洲农业发展的生命线,发展节水型农业成为目前干旱区农业发展的当务之急。位于塔里木河上游的阿克苏地区,是新疆重要的绿洲农业区和主要的粮食、棉花和瓜果基地。对目前的农业种植结构进行调整优化,达到节水和增效的目的,具有重要的现实意义。本文以拜城县为例,通过构建线性规划数学模型,在水资源约束下,进行了作物种植结构的调整和优化,调整后的种植结构能使有限的水资源发挥最大的经济效益,基本符合新疆绿洲区农业种植结构调整的需要,为制定科学合理的农作物种植结构发展方案提供依据。     

基于低污染的宁夏引黄灌区13种种植模式氮磷平衡分析

针对宁夏引黄灌区农业生产中大量施用化肥对环境及农业退水污染严重的实际,本试验以宁夏引黄灌区现有小麦/玉米为对照,通过选择冬小麦复种水稻及组配麦后复种(蔬菜、青贮玉米、油葵等)等13种种植模式,研究不同模式在作物不同生长时期内土壤氮磷运移规律以及综合效益,选择利于农业清洁生产的种植模式。结果表明:相对于单作,间套作由于增加了田面作物的覆盖时间,对降低土壤氮磷残留量效果明显;以土壤氮磷为主要衡量指标,结合经济效益,筛选出了适合于该灌区大面积种植,经济效益较高的四种低污染模式为:冬小麦复种水稻、春小麦复种芹菜、冬小麦复种青贮、冬小麦复种油葵,四种模式中尤以冬小麦复种水稻效益最明显,土壤中氮流失总量比对照低56.2%,磷流失总量比对照低28.6%。     

黑龙港流域气候变化及其农业可持续发展对策--以广宗县为例

本文通过对河北省黑龙港流域的广宗县30a来逐年温度、降水、日照的变化分析,找出了其气候变化特点。提出了充分利用气候资源,调整农业种植结构,发展节水农业、改良土壤等对策,以达到农业可持续发展。     

资源环境治理下内蒙古农户种植行为决策测度

基于内蒙古自治区384份农户调查数据,从资源环境治理视角构建解释农户种植行为决策框架,利用倾向得分匹配法,分析农户种植行为的影响因素,评价资源环境治理相关政策实施前后对农户种植行为决策的绩效,并测度各因素的影响程度。研究显示:资源环境治理、农户收入结构、生产投入、技术进步等变量对农户种植行为决策存在一定程度的影响。进一步对农户种植行为决策效应分解表明,资源环境治理政策对农户种植行为的影响显著为负(-12.97%),表明资源环境治理政策实施并不一定促进农户扩大种植面积,但通过土壤面源污染治理、生态保护补助奖励、农业自然灾害补贴、农业发展基金等措施可显著改善农户种植行为,推动绿色农业可持续发展。     

韩国农业发展经验及对我国农业发展的启示

简要介绍了韩国亲环境农业在提升农业生产能力、提高农民生产积极性、提升农产品质量等方面的发展经验,以及在智能农场循环农业研究、热带作物种植技术研究、未来农业专业人才培养等领域的先进理念和技术。结合国内发展现状,提出了3项发展建议:加强农业科技人才培养,推进植保体系建设;完善农业补贴制度,提高农民种粮积极性;加强宣传引导监管,促进绿色农业发展。     

中国南方水资源脆弱区农业水资源管理方略探讨——以衡阳盆地为例

以中国南方典型的红壤和紫色土丘陵区——衡阳盆地为例,分析论述了衡阳盆地地表水资源脆弱性主要表现在:降水资源时空分布不均匀;不利于水土保持的地表物质组成和植被覆盖;耗水量大的农业种植结构以及调蓄水功能弱的农田水利工程体系等方面。提出了农业水资源管理的主要对策:一是强化地表雨水的资源化过程;二是加强农田水利设施的建设以及建立节水型的农林复合生态系统。     

转基因耐除草剂作物的历史、现状及展望

20世纪80年代以来。以信息技术、生物技术、新材料新能源技术为代表的科技进步日新月异，其中，以植物基因工程为核心的农业生物技术的应用是对传统农业的重大技术革命。在近20多年中进入突飞猛进的阶段。据统计，从1996年商品化种植转基因（GM）作物以来，全世界每年的种植面积均以两位数的百分比增长，1996年总面积为170万hm^2，     

天水市气候资源特点及种植业结构调整研究——以麦积区为例

从天水市麦积区土地资源现有利用状况出发,系统分析该地气候资源对农业生产影响的利弊程度及现有农业种植结构对气候资源的有效利用程度,并依照有利于农村经济可持续发展、生态环境良性循环等原则,运用线性规划模型对该地的农业种植结构进行了分析规划。实施规划,当地的夏、秋粮及经济作物的种植比例会更趋合理,种植作物总产值有望比原来增加了14.4%。     

Evaluating agricultural water-use efficiency based on water footprint of crop values: a case study in Xinjiang of China

Efficient agricultural water use is crucial for food safety and water conservation on a global scale. To quantitatively investigate the agricultural water-use efficiency in regions exhibiting the complex agricultural structure, this study developed an indicator named water footprint of crop values (WFV) that is based on the water footprint of crop production. Defined as the water volume used to produce a unit price of crop (m³/CNY), the new indicator makes it feasible to directly compare the water footprint of different crops from an economic perspective, so as to comprehensively evaluate the water-use efficiency under the complex planting structure. On the basis of WFV, the study further proposed an indicator of structural water-use coefficient (SWUC), which is represented by the ratio of water-use efficiency for a given planting structure to the water efficiency for a reference crop and can quantitatively describe the impact of planting structure on agricultural water efficiency. Then, a case study was implemented in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The temporal and spatial variations of WFV were assessed for the planting industries in 14 prefectures and cities of Xinjiang between 1991 and 2015. In addition, contribution rate analysis of WFV for different prefectures and cities was conducted to evaluate the variations of WFV caused by different influencing factors: agricultural input, climatic factors, and planting structure. Results from these analyses indicated first that the average WFV of planting industries in Xinjiang significantly decreased from 0.293 m³/CNY in 1991 to 0.153 m³/CNY in 2015, corresponding to an average annual change rate of -3.532%. WFV in 13 prefectures and cities (with the exception of Karamay) has declined significantly during the period of 1991-2015, indicating that agricultural water-use efficient has effectively improved. Second, the average SWUC in Xinjiang decreased from 1.17 to 1.08 m³/CNY in the 1990s, and then declined to 1.00 m³/CNY in 2011-2015. The value of SWUC was highly consistent with the relative value of WFV in most prefectures and cities, showing that planting structure is one of the primary factors affecting regional agricultural water-use efficiency. Third, the contribution rate of WFV variations from human factors including agricultural input and planting structure was much more significant than that from climatic factors. However, the distribution of agricultural input and the adjustment of planting structure significantly differed among prefectures and cities, suggesting regional imbalances of agricultural development. This study indicated the feasibility and effectiveness of controlling agricultural water use through increasing technical input and rational selection of crops in the face of impending climate change. Specifically, we concluded that, the rational application of chemical fertilizers, the development of the fruit industry, and the strict restriction of the cotton industry should be implemented to improve the agricultural water-use efficiency in Xinjiang.     

我国旱地农业发展中的几个问题

介绍了我国旱地农业发展的历程、成就和经验,并重点就农业结构调整和农田持续增产的技术途径进行了论述,认为培育抗旱节水新品种和发展半旱地农业是农田稳定持续增产的突破口,而通过调整种植业结构以发展草地畜牧业则是半干旱地区实现生态环境改善和生产力同步提升的关键。此论述以期对指导半干旱地区农业发展和生态环境改善产生积极意义。     

大兴安岭东南麓旱作丘陵区农业和农村产业结构灰色关联分析

运用灰色系统理论对隶属岭东南旱作丘陵区的扎兰屯市、阿荣旗、莫旗的农业生产结构进行分析,结果表明:化肥施用量、年降雨量、粮食单产是影响该区种植业总产值的主要因素;畜牧业和林业对农业总产值的影响较大,种植业仍是经济发展的主体部门;农村产业结构进一步优化,但仍存在不合理的现象。     

Impact of agricultural development on variation in surface runoff in arid regions: a case of the Aksu River Basin

Located in the south of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China.Agricultural development,excessive exploitation and low surface water use efficiency in the headstream regions have led to a marked decrease in the water supply to the mainstream.This,in turn,has resulted in the drying-up of the watercourse in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and serious deterioration of the eco-environment.The Aksu River Basin,the most important headstream of the Tarim River,was selected as the research area in this study.Taking elastic coefficient,water demand coefficient and water utilization intensity as the indices,we studied the impact of agricultural development on decreasing surface runoff since the 1950s.The results indicated that(1) the increasing rate of consumption of surface runoff outstripped the rate of increase measured in the natural catchment discharge,resulting in ever diminishing stream discharge into the Tarim River.Agricultural irrigation and seepage loss in irrigation canal systems were the major sources for runoff consumption,taking 63.72% of the overall runoff consumption.What's more,agricultural water consumption took up more than 97% of the water used for long-term production;(2) the expansion of cultivated land,change of planting structure and comparatively low agricultural irrigation efficiency all contributed to the decrease in surface runoff of the Aksu River.The elasticity coefficient of surface runoff reduction corresponding to the increase in planted area was 0.34 in the 1950s,while in the 2000s it had increased to 7.87.This reflected a more sensitive response of runoff decrease to cultivated land expansion.The increase in cotton and fruit production,without widely-used scientific irrigation methods and water-saving technology,led to considerable waste of the water resources.Meanwhile,the irrigation efficiency was still quite low,characterized by the waste of water resources,and the decrease of surface runoff;(3) in different stages,cultivated land area,planting structure and agricultural water use efficiency exerted different effects on runoff decrease.In the early stage,agricultural development showed no obvious effect on runoff decrease.Since the 1960s,the expansion in cultivated land resulted in large consumption of surface runoff;since the 1990s,not only expansion in cultivated land expansion,but also planting structure exerted significant impact on the consumption of surface runoff.Recently,though agricultural water use efficiency has improved in some regions to reduce the consumption of runoff to a certain extent,overall agricultural water use efficiency is still quite low;(4) during the investigation period,water consumption by agricultural development reflected the unbalanced relationship between human activities and water resources.     

新疆于田绿洲农业资源潜力分析及持续发展对策研究

新疆于田绿洲地处干旱内陆区,生态环境脆弱,是一个以灌溉农业生产为主的经济落后地区。着重计算分析了绿洲的光合潜力、光温潜力、光温水潜力和光温水土潜力,结果表明水分和土壤肥力是限制该区农业生产潜力发挥的主要因素,对光、热、水、土资源空间组合错位的认识有助于农作物的合理布局,为绿洲农业资源的优化配置和农业结构调整提供理论依据。尽管该区农业发展比较落后,但仍具有很大的发展潜力,主要表现在耕地资源开发、水资源利用、种植业生产和畜牧业生产四个方面,并在此基础上,对提高农业资源生产潜力实现农业持续发展的主要措施进行了讨论。     

近20年河湟谷地粮食作物种植结构对气候变化的响应

近百年来北半球的显著增温,已经对农业生产的产量、熟制和种植结构等产生深刻影响。本研究通过河湟谷地农户对气候变化的感知和主要粮食作物种植结构面积的调查,并运用快速聚类方法进行分析表明:近20年河湟谷地主要粮食作物播种面积比例结构变化显著,薯类种植面积大范围增加,小麦种植面积快速下降,其种植范围在地域空间上向东退缩,玉米播种面积增加显著,并向西部和高海拔地区扩展。河湟谷地主要粮食作物种植结构由小麦-薯类作物,逐渐向玉米-薯类-小麦等多样化、喜温作物方向发展。     

现代种植业系统结构变化分析——以河北省曲周县为例

以河北省曲周县为例,基于区域自然环境变化的基础上,研究了现代种植业系统的变化特点,主要表现为种植业用地占有相当大的比重而牧业用地萎缩;逐步形成以小麦、玉米为主的粮食作物、以棉花和油料为主的经济作物、以蔬菜瓜类为主的其它作物的结构.分析了系统生产力提高、农业总产值构成趋向国家结构调整方向的正效应的同时,也出现了一系列影响系统可持续发展的负效应,包括系统多样性尤其是不便于机械化耕作的农作物降低,单一化趋势明显;工业辅助能投入增加,生物辅助能投入下降,系统能效呈现"增加-停滞-降低"趋势;系统呈现人为性R-策略者时空效应,抗逆性差;区域缺水严重,土壤环境潜伏着由地下水位下降、化肥、农药、农膜、污灌等引起的生态隐患.建议加强其机械种植研究,同时调整土地利用结构,加大其它用地比重尤其是牧业用地的比重,提倡作物多样化种植的结构调整,选择耐旱型可替代粮食作物品种,以减轻粮食作物牧用的压力;建立能衡量资源环境价值的绿色GDP体系;改善投能结构,加强生物防治和污水处理,将传统农业的精华融入现代种植业系统中.     

河西走廊绿洲农业土地综合利用探析——以张掖市为例

以河西走廊中部的张掖市为例,进行了土地人口承载力的计算和农业内部产业效益分析。结果表明:种植粮食作物的人口承载力要远远大于畜牧业,而从农业内部不同产业综合效益分析来看,草畜业要大于种植业。考虑到土地对人口的承载力,将未来绿洲农业土地的利用模式调整为:耕地种植业和耕地草畜业的用地比例为1∶2左右;耕地种植业中,稳定口粮生产,压缩饲料粮生产,提高饲草种植比例;畜牧业中,压缩耗粮型猪禽养殖数量,发展节粮型草畜(牛、羊)的数量,提高食草性畜牧业比重;调整种植业、养殖业和农畜产品加工业结构,建立绿洲生态经济体系,实现经济、社会、生态效益的兼容。