山西中部油松生态系统碳储量研究

以山西中部油松生态系统为研究对象,设置样地测算乔木、灌木、草本及凋落物的生物量,钻取并分析0～100cm土层土样150份,最后依据相关方程,得出各层次及生态系统的含碳率和碳储量。结果表明:植被含碳率变化于42.88%～48.39%,凋落物含碳率平均为45.1%,0～100cm土层含碳率变化于0.22%～1.92%。油松生态系统平均碳储量为131.37Mg·hm-2,其中植被平均碳储量为46.37Mg·hm-2,占生态系统碳储量的35.3%,植被各层碳储量的顺序为乔木(44.30Mg·hm-2)灌木(1.15Mg·hm-2)草本(0.92Mg·hm-2);土壤平均碳储量为77.38Mg·hm-2,占生态系统碳储量的58.9%,是植被与凋落物碳储量的1.67倍和10倍,且随着土层深度的增加而递减;凋落物平均碳储量为7.61Mg·hm-2,仅占生态系统碳储量5.8%。     

克拉玛依人工林生物量与土壤理化性质

通过对人工林与其周围荒漠灌木群落生物量及其土壤的物理化学性质的变化分析,结果表明:1克拉玛依人工杨树林林下植被层和凋落物层生物量为5.87 t·hm-2,荒漠灌木群落生物量为0.74 t·hm-2,人工林明显高于其周围荒漠;2林地土壤养分在不同土壤层次中的含量较荒漠有不同程度的降低,容重增加,但土壤含水率有较大提高;3人工林地土壤有机质含量偏低,表层土壤有机质较荒漠降低8.83%,但林地10~30 cm和30~50 cm层土壤分别增加20.74%和33.13%;4林内各层土壤含水率与凋落物层生物量呈显著正相关,土壤养分与生物量相关性不大。     

山西太岳山31年生华北落叶松人工林碳汇功能的研究

人工林生态系统的固碳作用对缓解全球气候变化发挥着重大的作用.以山西太岳山31年生落叶松人工林为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,对其生物量、各组分碳含量、碳储量及空间分布进行了测定.结果表明:1)华北落叶松单木生物量和胸径、树高之间存在紧密的相关关系.林分平均生物量为166.82t·hm-2.各层次按大小排列为:乔木层(111.95t·hm-2)＞枯落物层(36.67t·hm-2)＞草本层(17.85t·hm-2)＞灌木层(0.35t·hm-2).2)华北落叶松人工林生态系统各组分平均碳含量为(单位:gC·g-1):树干0.4846、树皮0.5030、树枝0.4753、树叶0.4732、根系0.4563、灌木层0.4161、草本层0.2898、土壤层(0～60cm)0.0176,随着土壤深度增加碳含量逐渐降低.3)华北落叶松人工林生态系统总碳储量为178.3t· hm-2,其中土壤层为最大碳库,储量为112.97t·hm-2,占总碳储量的63.36％.植被层总碳储量为59.06t·hm-2,占总碳储量的33.13％.按大小顺序排列为乔木层54.06t·hm-2、草本层4.85t· hm-2、灌木层0.15t· hm-2.枯落物层碳储量为6.26t·hm-2,占总储量的3.51％.4)华北落叶松人工林乔木层年净生产力为9.21t·hm-2·a-1,碳素年平均固定量为4.38t·hm-2·a-1.     

盐湖区生态系统碳密度及其分配格局

由于对陆地生态系统土壤、植被碳蓄积量了解的缺乏,故在预测气候变化中存在较大分歧,因此很有必要对不同生态系统碳分布情况进行研究。本文以干旱盐湖为研究对象,探究盐湖生态系统碳分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳密度分布随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤无机碳呈无规律分布;100 cm土层内有机碳密度介于7.55~15.75 kg·m~(-2)之间,平均为12.54 kg·m~(-2),占植物群落和土壤总有机碳密度的97.84%。黑果枸杞和铃铛刺为盐生群落的优势种,地上平均生物量为261.38 g·m~(-2),占总生物量的70.49%,草本植物群落平均生物量仅为109.45g·m~(-2);灌木和草本层地上生物量显著高于凋落物层(84.81±9.22)g·m~(-2)和(79.76±8.61)g·m~(-2)。盐生植物地下生物量随土层的增加而降低,0~100 cm土层总地下生物量为77.74 g·m~(-2)。盐生植物总生物量碳密度为276.48 g·m~(-2),其中地上、凋落物和地下生物量分别占62.09%、25.75%和12.16%;地上植被和凋落物碳密度显著高于草本植物,根系生物量碳密度在剖面上分布不均,96.55%集中在0~50 cm土层。盐生植物地上地下以及凋落物平均碳含量43.09%,与经验系数(50%)换算得到碳密度相比实际碳密度高出13.80%,这将对植被碳储量的估算产生较大的偏差。     

盐湖区生态系统碳密度及其分配格局北大核心CSCD

由于对陆地生态系统土壤、植被碳蓄积量了解的缺乏,故在预测气候变化中存在较大分歧,因此很有必要对不同生态系统碳分布情况进行研究。本文以干旱盐湖为研究对象,探究盐湖生态系统碳分布特征。结果表明：土壤有机碳密度分布随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤无机碳呈无规律分布;100 cm土层内有机碳密度介于7.55-15.75 kg·m^-2之间,平均为12.54 kg·m^-2,占植物群落和土壤总有机碳密度的97.84%。黑果枸杞和铃铛刺为盐生群落的优势种,地上平均生物量为261.38 g·m^-2,占总生物量的70.49%,草本植物群落平均生物量仅为109.45g·m^-2;灌木和草本层地上生物量显著高于凋落物层（84.81±9.22）g·m^-2和（79.76±8.61）g·m^-2。盐生植物地下生物量随土层的增加而降低,0-100 cm土层总地下生物量为77.74 g·m^-2。盐生植物总生物量碳密度为276.48 g·m^-2,其中地上、凋落物和地下生物量分别占62.09%、25.75%和12.16%;地上植被和凋落物碳密度显著高于草本植物,根系生物量碳密度在剖面上分布不均,96.55%集中在0-50 cm土层。盐生植物地上地下以及凋落物平均碳含量43.09%,与经验系数（50%）换算得到碳密度相比实际碳密度高出13.80%,这将对植被碳储量的估算产生较大的偏差。     

阿尔泰山小东沟乔木生物量空间分布规律

以中国境内阿尔泰山小东沟林区ETM+遥感影像数据和林分乔木生物量抽样调查数据为基础,选取比值植被指数、归一化差异植被指数、土壤调节植被指数、差值植被指数和近红外光百分比植被指数,分析了该林区植被指数与乔木地上生物量之间的相关性,并对生物量相关性最高的植被指数建立了植被指数与乔木地上生物量的线性回归预测模型。以预测模型为基础,利用ArcGIS 9.1软件的空间分析功能生成了小东沟林区乔木地上生物量空间分布图。生物量残差图中较强、中等和较低预测面积分别为66.60%、30.31%和3.09%,表明小东沟林区生物量空间分布的预测效果较好。将生物量空间分布预测图分别与坡度、坡向和海拔图叠加分析表明:小东沟林区乔木地上部分的生物量以斜陡坡(15°~35°)的最高(200~250 t·hm~(-2)),平缓坡(0°~15°)次之(150~200 t·hm~(-2)),急险坡(35°)的最低(100~150 t·hm~(-2))。东南、南坡向的生物量较低,而其余坡向的生物量较高。较低海拔(1 042~1 400 m)的生物量最低(100~150 t·hm~(-2)),中海拔(1 400~1 900 m)的最高(200~250 t·hm~(-2)),高海拔(1 900 m)生物量居中(150~200 t·hm~(-2))。说明利用遥感影像提取的植被指数可以很好地预测小东沟林区乔木的地上生物量,生物量的空间变化与地形因子有着密切的关系。     

通辽市杨树人工林含碳率及碳密度分析

利用NPP实测法对通辽市杨树人工林各层次、林木各器官的含碳率以及碳密度进行了研究。结果表明:林木各器官含碳率的变化范围在35.96%~52.39%之间,排序为叶皮枝干根;草本层含碳率的变化范围在34.93%~44.24%之间;枯落物层含碳率的变化范围在34.19%~39.44%之间;土壤各层有机碳含量(土壤含碳率)的变化范围在0.41~21.14g·kg-1之间。杨树人工林碳密度为100.44t·hm-2,其中林木为27.27t·hm-2;草本层为0.13t·hm-2;枯落物层为0.65t·hm-2;土壤碳密度为72.38t·hm-2,土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均呈现随着土层深度的增加而逐渐下降的变化规律。文中对于杨树人工林含碳率的研究为今后更精确的测算当地杨树人工林碳储量提供数据基础及理论依据,也将为今后通辽市林业发展及碳汇造林提供科学依据。     

生物炭对土壤酶活性和糜子产量的影响

为探讨生物炭对土壤主要酶活性和糜子产量的影响,采用糜子盆栽种植方式,分别在砂土、壤土和盐土三种土壤上设置了生物炭施用量为B0(0 t·hm-2)、B15(15 t·hm-2)、B30(30 t·hm-2)、B45(45 t·hm-2)和B60(60 t·hm-2)五个水平。结果表明:砂土、壤土和盐土这三种土壤分别对应生物炭用量为45 t·hm-2、45 t·hm-2和30 t·hm-2时土壤总体酶活性(Et)达到最高,并且盐土、砂土和壤土的总体酶活性指标最大值分别比相应对照B0增加16.59%、7.29%、4.07%,说明生物炭对盐土酶活性的影响显著高于砂土,砂土高于壤土;在砂土中施用生物炭后,对糜子有明显的增产效果,而壤土和盐土上增产效果不显著;生物炭的施用还促进了砂土中糜子生物量的积累,并且在壤土上糜子的生物量的积累高于盐土和砂土。总之,在土壤中施用生物炭,不仅可以促进糜子增产,增加土壤总体酶活性,还可以改良土壤生物学特性。     

克拉玛依人工杨树(Populus)林碳汇功能研究

近年来,我国人工林面积不断增加,人工林在我国陆地森林生态系统碳收支中的作用越来越大。以克拉玛依人工杨树林和荒漠灌木林为研究对象,通过样地调查,对生物量及碳储量、碳密度、碳汇功能等进行了估算。通过实测数据及模型分析,得出以下基本结论:1该人工杨树林单位面积生物量平均为51.30 t·hm-2;碳密度平均为24.59 t·hm-2,碳储量为73 715.41 t,说明其发挥着一定的碳汇作用。2与荒漠环境下灌木林对比结果表明,克拉玛依人工杨树林单位面积生物量增加了50.56 t·hm-2,碳密度增加了24.26 t·hm-2,碳储量增加了72 726.14 t,表明在干旱区荒漠环境下通过造林来增加区域陆地植被碳汇,进而达到碳减排的目的是可行的。     

退化沙质草地恢复过程中植被生物量变化及其与土壤碳的关系

植物生物量分配特征及其向土壤中的物质输入是退化沙质草地生态系统恢复,尤其是土壤碳含量增加的关键环节。本研究以科尔沁沙地不同恢复阶段的流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地为研究对象,调查分析草本植被生物量分配特征、根系性状和土壤理化性质特征,厘清生物量分配特征和根系性状与土壤碳的相互关系。结果发现：随着沙化草地逐步恢复,植被地上生物量、根系生物量、地表凋落物以及地下残体均呈显著的增加趋势（P<0.01）,相对于沙化严重的流动沙丘,半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地的植物总干物质（生物量+凋落物）分别增加了11.0%、116.3%和151.2%。与生物量变化趋势相同,土壤碳含量随沙化草地的逐步恢复显著增加（P<0.05）,其中0～10 cm层的增加速率高于10～20 cm层。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示,0～10 cm层土壤碳含量受地表凋落物、地下残体和根表面积3个因素的影响,10～20 cm层土壤碳含量仅受地下残体和根表面积两个因素的影响,同时,两层土壤碳含量均与地上生物量无显著的关系。研究结果表明,在退化沙质草地恢复过程中,土壤碳含量主要受凋落物输入以及根系性状的影响,而...     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.