河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性动态

为了明确河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对主要杀虫剂的抗性水平及其发展趋势,采用浸渍法,于2014—2020年分别测定了河北省保定、沧州和邯郸地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明:与国内历史敏感基线相比较,河北省棉蚜对高效氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性均达到高抗至极高抗水平,抗性最高分别达到242、13353、1367和205倍;对氧乐果和噻虫嗪的抗性也达到中等至高水平抗性。应用Pearson相关性分析评估各药剂的logLC₅₀值的相关性,发现保定种群对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.041)、噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) 的抗性呈显著正相关;沧州种群对高效氯氰菊酯和丁硫克百威 (r = 0.81, p = 0.027)、高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.90, p = 0.006)、丁硫克百威和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.91, p = 0.005) 的抗性呈显著正相关;邯郸种群对高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.83, p = 0.022)、高效氯氰菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.97, p < 0.001)、丁硫克百威和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.045) 的抗性呈显著正相关。本研究结果表明,河北省棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性显著,且可能存在严重的交互抗性。     

新疆地区棉蚜田间种群对10种杀虫剂的抗性

棉蚜是影响新疆棉花种植业的主要害虫之一, 主要依赖化学防治。大量使用化学农药不仅污染环境, 而且对棉蚜产生极大的选择压, 加速抗药性发展。针对近年来新疆多地出现的棉蚜防效下降问题, 采用叶片药膜法, 检测了新疆五家渠、石河子、奎屯、博乐、伊犁和库尔勒地区棉蚜田间种群对10种常用杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明, 博乐、库尔勒、石河子、五家渠、伊犁、奎屯6个地区的棉蚜田间种群对拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类杀虫剂产生了极高水平的抗性, 其中对溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和氧乐果的抗性分别达到728~2 494倍、353~4 932倍和2 137~9 501倍。对新烟碱类、阿维菌素类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生了中、高水平抗性, 其中对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性分别为85.2~412倍、221~777倍和122~1 095倍, 对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗性分别为19.6~220倍和27.66~130倍, 对灭多威和丁硫克百威的抗性分别为91~292倍和6~148倍。其中五家渠棉蚜田间种群对丁硫克百威表现为低抗性, 这可能与该地区施药的频次及药剂种类有关。建议新疆不同区域棉田交替使用新烟碱类、抗生素类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂。     

济南地区棉蚜对15种杀虫剂的抗性比较

以室内饲养的相对敏感品系为对照，利用叶片浸渍法制定了济南地区棉蚜对15种杀虫剂的抗性倍数。结果表明：济南地区棉蚜对4种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂已达到了较高水平的抗性，抗性倍数在82．21－201．51之间；同时对除丙溴以外的5种有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂亦产生了明显抗性，抗性倍数在7．52－16．38之间，对灭多威、吡虫啉及丙溴磷的抗性尚不明显，但已表现出抗性趋势；对丁硫克百威、硫丹及阿维菌素仍处于敏感水平。     

二斑叶螨混合抗性种群相对适合度的研究

研究了二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素、螺螨酯混合品系(R)和敏感品系(S)的生长发育与生殖情况,比较种群的生物适合度。结果表明:与敏感品系(S)相比,抗性品系各螨态发育历期和产卵量均存在不同程度的下降,抗性品系的净生殖率(R0=12.765 9)远低于敏感品系(R0=42.420 3),相对适合度为敏感品系的0.300 9倍,存在适合度缺陷;其他生命表参数无种群差异。     

我国部分地区田间小菜蛾种群对8种常用杀虫剂的抗性检测

采用浸叶法测定了来自5个地区的田间小菜蛾种群对8种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,5个地区小菜蛾种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺均产生了中等水平以上的抗性,江苏无锡和广东增城种群的抗性达1428.16倍和6642.12倍,为极高抗性水平;对丁醚脲均处于敏感或敏感性降低水平。5个地区的小菜蛾种群对甲氨基阿维菌素、虫螨腈、S-茚虫威、虫酰肼和唑虫酰胺等5种药剂的敏感性各异,大多处于敏感或敏感性降低水平,但也有些地区产生了中等水平的抗性。本研究结果明确了我国部分地区对小菜蛾抗药性情况,可为小菜蛾的抗性治理提供参考。     

巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗药性品系对常见药剂的交互抗性及其种群参数分析

为了明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri溴氰菊酯抗性品系对常用杀虫(螨)剂的交互抗性水平及生物适合度,为巴氏新小绥螨抗药性品系田间应用提供科学依据。本文应用玻片浸渍法测定了巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗性品系对12种杀虫(螨)剂的交互抗性,采用种群生命表评价了其生长发育及繁殖情况。结果显示,相对于巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系,溴氰菊酯抗性品系(226.38倍)对供试的其他6种拟除虫菊酯类药剂均存在交互抗性,尤其对氯氟氰菊酯的交互抗性倍数最高,达到2 210.91倍。对噻虫嗪、毒死蜱和乙螨唑的交互抗性分别是116.46、110.71倍和20.43倍,对丁硫克百威、阿维菌素和哒螨灵无交互抗性。对其生物适合度研究发现,溴氰菊酯抗性品系相较于敏感品系,前若螨期和产卵前期显著缩短,产卵期和单雌总产卵量显著增加。上述结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗性品系对10种常用杀虫(螨)药剂产生了不同水平的交互抗性,且其繁殖率显著增加,推荐在田间推广应用。     

弥渡小菜蛾种群抗药性监测及治理策略

采用浸叶法对云南弥渡田间小菜蛾种群进行了8种杀虫剂毒力测定,并基于抗药性监测结果,制定了对弥渡县小菜蛾轮换用药和水旱轮作相结合的抗药性治理策略。抗药性监测结果表明,2011年,弥渡菜区小菜蛾种群对丁醚脲、苏云金杆菌敏感,LC_(50)分别为54.64、0.28 mg/L,抗性倍数分别为2.55、1.07;对氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴虫腈中抗,LC_(50)分别为6.37、21.27 mg/L,抗性倍数分别为28.17、53.19;对茚虫威、多杀菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素高抗,LC_(50)分别为69.03、13.75、1 114.41 mg/L和24.50 mg/L,抗性倍数分别为132.74、114.55、313.92和1 224.9。通过抗药性治理,到2014年弥渡菜区小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威和阿维菌素的抗性倍数明显下降,对氯虫苯甲酰胺由2011年的中抗恢复至敏感水平,对茚虫威由高抗下降至接近低抗水平,对阿维菌素的抗性倍数由1 224.9下降到652.75,对丁醚脲和苏云金杆菌处于低抗水平;对溴虫腈的抗性水平年度间变化不大,抗性倍数31.05~53.49,一直处于中抗水平。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性和敏感种群相对适合度的研究

［目的］ 研究二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗药性与适合度的关系,为该螨的抗性治理提供科学依据。［方法］ 在室内温度(25±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)%,光照14 h条件下通过构建实验种群生命表,比较二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性种群(R)和敏感种群(S)的生长发育和繁殖特征参数,用净增殖率(R0)来确定抗性种群的生物适合度。［结果］ 二斑叶螨抗性种群的若螨期和全世代较敏感种群分别延长0.92 d和0.82 d;雌螨存活时间较敏感种群缩短3 d;二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性种群的相对适合度为敏感种群的0.76倍,存在适合度缺陷。［结论］ 在生产上应注意对螺螨酯的合理使用,以延缓其抗性进程,实现可持续治理。     

北疆地区棉蚜对不同杀虫剂敏感度水平测定

为了解北疆不同地区棉蚜种群对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感度水平,科学指导北疆地区棉蚜的化学防治,利用FAO推荐的叶片浸渍法(1980)测定北疆地区4个棉蚜田间种群对4类杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,新农大种群对杀虫剂的敏感水平最高,不同类型杀虫剂的毒力大小顺序为:新烟碱类＞有机磷类＞抗生素类＞拟除虫菊酯类.安宁渠种群较石河子种群更为敏感.石河子垦区内的两个不同种群对菊酯类处于相对敏感状态;对有机磷类产生了明显抗药性,147团种群对辛硫磷的相对抗性倍数为951.8倍,新湖农场种群更达到了1236.9倍;147团种群和新湖种群对啶虫脒亦产生了明显的抗药性,相对抗性倍数分别为134.4倍和270.0倍,但对吡虫啉的敏感度较高.石河子垦区应限制使用新烟碱类的啶虫脒和有机磷类杀虫剂,以减缓棉蚜抗性的发展.     

4种棉蚜抗药性种群的生命力及繁殖力

用4种杀虫剂以浸渍法分别累代处理敏感棉蚜,以选育抗药性。每选育4代进行1次毒力测定及生命力和繁殖力的观察。选育至12代,棉蚜对溴氰菊酯的抗性倍数达4031.4倍,对久效磷、灭多威及硫丹的抗性倍数分别仅为6.3、6.1及4.0倍。棉蚜对溴氰菊酯抗性水平较低时,其生命力及繁殖力略低于敏感品系,随着抗性水平的提高,其生命力和繁殖力也随之增强,RF_(8)接近敏感品系的水平,RF_(12)及RF_(16)则明显超过。灭多威及硫丹抗性种群随抗性水平的提高,其生命力及繁殖力表现不同程度的降低。久效磷抗性种群,各抗性水平下其生命力和繁殖力与敏感品系相比无显著差异。     

北京、山东和湖南地区烟粉虱抗药性及CYP4v2和CYP6CX1 mRNA水平表达量分析

于2011年采集北京、山东和湖南三地的烟粉虱,进行B、Q隐种鉴定,并测定4种杀虫剂的抗药性,同时通过荧光定量PCR分析CYP4v2和CYP6CX1两个基因的mRNA水平的表达量。结果表明,北京、湖南和长沙烟粉虱均为Q隐种。抗药性监测表明,北京和湖南种群对阿维菌素敏感,山东种群抗性水平较低,而对烟碱类药剂噻虫嗪出现不同程度的抗药性,其中湖南地区烟粉虱对噻虫嗪的抗药性达到49.08倍的高抗水平,北京和山东地区也达到中抗水平。另外,这3个地区的种群对毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗性水平都较低。通过qRT-PCR分析三地的CYP4v2和CYP6CX1基因表达量,发现相对于敏感种群CYP4v2基因在北京、山东和湖南3个地理种群中分别过量表达3.85倍、19.57倍和10.78倍,而CYP6CX1基因在北京种群中过量表达20.55倍。结果提示田间烟粉虱的细胞色素P450基因CYP4v2和CYP6CX1过量表达可能会是烟粉虱抗药性的形成机制之一。     

Abamectin resistance and synergism in Brazilian populations of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Failures in the control of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) by means of abamectin in Brazil, and a recent report of abamectin resistance in Brazilian populations of this pest species, led to the investigation of the possible involvement of detoxification enzymes using insecticide synergists. Resistance to abamectin was observed in all populations when compared with the standard susceptible population, with resistance ratios ranging from 5.2- to 9.4-fold. Piperonyl butoxide was the most efficient synergist with abamectin synergism ratios ranging from 3.0- to 5.3-fold and providing significant resistance suppression, but complete suppression of abamectin resistance was only obtained in one population of T. absoluta . Triphenylphosphate was an abamectin synergist which was not as efficient as piperonyl butoxide, but it provided complete suppression of abamectin resistance in four of the six resistant populations studied, suggesting a major involvement of esterases as an abamectin resistance mechanism in these populations. The importance of cytochrome P450, inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, seems secondary to esterases. Diethyl maleate also synergized abamectin in nearly all populations, but provided only partial suppression of abamectin resistance in the leafminer populations studied. Therefore, glutathione-S-transferases seem to be of minor importance as an abamectin resistance mechanism in Brazilian populations of T. absoluta .     

3种蚜虫对方斑瓢虫适合度及种群增长的影响

方斑瓢虫是新疆农田常见的天敌昆虫之一,具有重要的控害潜能和应用前景。本文利用生命表技术探讨了棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对方斑瓢虫生长发育、存活率、繁殖力、寿命和种群数量增长趋势的影响。结果表明,与饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群相比,饲喂棉蚜和桃蚜的种群幼虫发育历期和平均世代周期更短,存活率、雌虫产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群趋势指数更高。饲喂棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫幼虫存活率分别为85.83%、88.33%和50.83%,单雌产卵量分别为516.71、439.95粒和209.00粒,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的幼虫存活率和雌虫产卵量均显著高于以豌豆修尾蚜为食的种群;取食棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群内禀增长率分别为0.216 9、0.212 5和0.044 3,种群趋势指数分别为164.10、130.93和20.98,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的方斑瓢虫种群增长趋势均显著高于饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的种群。综合以上各项参数,棉蚜和桃蚜是方斑瓢虫的适宜天然猎物。其中,桃蚜规模饲养更为便捷,成本较低,是方斑瓢虫规模化扩繁的优选猎物。研究结果对方斑瓢虫的规模化人工饲养及释放应用具有重要的...     

浸卵法测定甘肃省梨小食心虫田间种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性

梨小食心虫是为害我国北方地区果树生产的重要害虫，为明确甘肃地区梨小食心虫种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平，采用浸卵法测定了甘肃3个地区梨小食心虫田间种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性，并分析了其抗药性状况。结果表明，梨小食心虫田间种群对乙基多杀菌素表现为中等水平抗性[抗性倍数(R_R =10.24~14.27)]，对溴氰菊酯表现为低至中等水平抗性(R_R =8.85~11.44)，对高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和螺虫乙酯均表现出中等水平抗性(R_R =18.89~86.62)，对阿维菌素、甲维盐和茚虫威均基本表现为高水平抗性(R_R = 99.82~189.81)。研究结果可为果园科学合理用药防控梨小食心虫提供科学依据。     

Target site insensitivity mutations in the AChE and LdVssc1 confer resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in Leptinotarsa decemlineata in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region

A survey of resistance to five conventional insecticides was conducted in 2009 and 2010 for the first generation 4th-instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata from Urumqi, Changji, Qitai and Qapqal. Compared with the Tekes population, a reference susceptible population, the Changji and Qapqal populations exhibited very high to moderate levels of resistance to cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, moderate to high levels of resistance to carbosulfan and carbofuran, and low levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl. Moreover, the Urumqi and the Qitai populations reached a high and a moderate level of resistance to carbosulfan, respectively. Synergistic effects of triphenyl phosphate, diethylmeleate, and piperonyl butoxide on cyhalothrin and carbosulfan in Changji population revealed that cytochrome P450s were involved in the resistance to cyhalothrin but not carbosulfan. A modified bi-PASA was developed to simultaneously detect point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVssc1 genes. The former mutation resulted in the resistance to carbamates and the latter in the resistance to pyrethroids. The rates of homozygous and heterozygous resistant individuals to carbamates (S291G mutation) were 17.6% and 14.7%, 50.6% and 42.2%, 49.9% and 41.7%, 51.3% and 41.4%, and 44.8% and 47.4%; to pyrethroids (L1014F mutation) were 5.8% and 8.7%, 36.1% and 27.0%, 41.8% and 24.8%, 12.2% and 9.7%, and 7.9% and 10.6%, respectively, in samples from Tekes, Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. I392T point mutation in the AChE was detected by RT-PCR among 18 individuals from Changji, Qapqal, Urumqi and Qitai. These results demonstrated that point mutations of S291G in the AChE and L1014F in the LdVscc1 are responsible for, at least partially, the resistance to carbamates and pyrethroids in L. decemlineata in some field populations in northern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region.     

二斑叶螨对阿维菌素的抗药性及抗性基因的PASA检测技术

为了明确二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对阿维菌素的抗性水平,采用玻片浸渍法测定了北京4个地区二斑叶螨雌成螨对阿维菌素的抗药性,建立了特异性等位基因PCR（PASA）方法,并检测了二斑叶螨谷氨酸门控氯离子通道（GluCl）基因片段上G323D的突变频率。结果显示,北京昌平、海淀、密云和怀柔4个田间二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素均达极高抗性水平,其中昌平种群抗性最高,LC₅₀值为448.93 mg/L,抗性倍数为4 988.11倍。室内敏感种群未见抗性个体,昌平和密云种群G323D等位基因突变频率为100.00%,怀柔和海淀种群分别为86.25%和90.00%。北京4个地区二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素达极高抗性水平,抗性基因的突变频率也很高,表明阿维菌素不适宜用来防治这些地区的二斑叶螨种群。     

Resistance risk assessment: realized heritability of resistance to methrin,abamectin, pyridaben and their mixtures in the spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus

The heritability of resistance has an important bearing on the management of pest resistance, especially for evaluating the sustainability of a chemical on a particular pest population. The susceptibility of pests to insecticides may change depending on the selection pressure of these compounds on populations. Tetranychus cinnabarinus, a very important mite pest of many crops in China, was continuously selected with methrin, abamectin, pyridaben and mixtures of pyridaben and abamectin (pyidaben:abamectin?=?7.4:0.1?m/m), and methrin and abamectin (methrin:abamectin?=?8.9:0.1?m/m). After 16 generations, the resistance increased to 25.8-, 3.7-, 1.3-, 4.0- and 2.5-fold to methrin, abamectin, pyridaben, pyridaben?+?abamectin and methrin?+?abamectin, respectively. The more generations selected, the higher was the resistance level, except in the case of the strain selected with pyridaben. The realized heritabilities of resistance to methrin, abamectin, pyridabe, pyridaben?+?abamectin and methrin?+?abamectin were: 0.20, 0.15, 0.03, 0.18 and 0.08, respectively. Higher values of heritability occurred during the second eight generations selected than through the first eight generations except in the case of the strain selected with the mixture pyridaben?+?abamectin.