全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制

针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。     

蔬菜钵苗大垄双行膜上种植复式移栽机设计与试验

针对平原大垄双行覆膜种植模式，研制了一种适合蔬菜钵苗大垄双行栽植的复式联合作业移栽机，对移栽机栽植机构的栽植轨迹和投苗机构的开闭控制参数进行了设计和优化，同时针对传统农机装备地轮深度调控装置难以满足大垄双行膜上栽深精确控制的难题，设计了一种基于可编程控制器的液压栽深仿形装置并整合到移栽机，使得整机可一次性完成旋耕起垄、垄上覆膜、双行独立仿形、膜上Z字形移栽等多道作业工序。分别在45、60株·min^-1的栽植频率条件下进行移栽试验，田间试验结果表明：株距合格率、移栽合格率的平均值分别为94.08%、90.45%和91.90%、88.33%,平均栽深合格率为94.15%,较好地满足了蔬菜钵苗大垄双行种植要求。     

新型玉米垄作免耕播种机的研究与试验

主要针对现有玉米垄作免耕播种机存在原垄播种困难,垄形保持差等问题,研究设计了一种2BMQL-3型玉米垄作免耕播种机。机具主要由破茬装置,垄台清理装置,稳定装置,开沟播种施肥装置以及覆土镇压装置等组成。田间试验证实:该机具能够实现原垄免耕播种作业,播种后垄形破坏小、保持好,粒距合格率为96.2%,播种平均深度为4.2 cm,施肥平均深度为8.7 cm,种肥间距为4.5 cm,一次进地可完成原垄破茬、开沟、施肥、播种、镇压、覆土等作业。     

寒区玉米大垄双行直播技术研究

为了探明寒区玉米大垄双行直播种植方法适合的种植密度和增产机制,试验以小垄为对照,通过测定土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米群体内光照强度及玉米产量性状等指标,研究了3个密度下玉米大垄双行直播种植效果。结果表明：大垄双行处理对土壤温度没有显著影响,但增加了0～20 cm土层的土壤水分含量;大垄双行减少了垄沟顶层叶片的光照截获,高密度处理（6.00 万株·hm^-2）底层（出地表1/3）仍然保持一定的光照强度（72.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）,减少了空秆率,在乳熟期单位面积干物质重显著增加;2008年大垄双行高密度处理（S3）产量为9 193.5 kg·hm^-2,较对照（CK3）增产911.3 kg·hm^-2。大垄双行直播种植方法增产机制主要是通过增加土壤湿度和调控群体内部光照强度影响产量。     

大垄双行玉米免耕播种技术研究

主要针对我国东北冷凉风沙区在玉米播种时,难以实现原垄免耕播种的问题,提出了大垄双行玉米错茬免耕垄作播种的作业思路,大垄双行技术是指将传统的一垄一行改为一垄双行,垄台宽度约为传统垄台的3倍,目前设计为700 mm;建立了相应的试验田.试验表明:该项技术能够在田间大量玉米根茬直立覆盖情况下,在大垄上实现两行玉米错茬播种,保持垄形,作业质量满足农艺要求.与传统播种方式相比,具有提高地温、降低作业成本、提高产量等优点,可以提高地温约1℃,降低机械作业成本350元/hm2,提高产量14.42%,是保护性耕作技术在东北冷凉风沙区推广应用的一种较理想的模式.     

2BZ-4全膜双垄沟精密播种机设计

针对西北地区旱地全膜双垄沟播种作业需求,结合地方农艺特点,笔者与科研团队设计出一种2BZ-4全膜双垄沟精密播种机,该播种机主要用于起垄覆膜后二次进地自走式播种作业。与市场上现有的播种机相比,该机型能通过选配不同的排种器完成多种农作物的多功能播种;在设计初考虑到不同地区、不同农作物的农艺需求,将播种深度设计为40～100 mm可调、行走底盘轮距设计为1 000～1 400 mm可调、行距设计为380～550 mm可调,极大地提高了该播种机的通用性,同时在降低劳动强度和提高播种效率方面效果显著。     

单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机工作参数优化

为获得单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机的最佳工作参数,通过改变单垄双行马铃薯施肥覆膜播种机播种作业性能指标的4个主要参数:机具前进速度、旋耕刀组刀头线速度、搅龙轴转速和覆土圆盘倾角,以播种合格率、膜上覆土厚度为评价指标进行马铃薯播种试验。结合正交试验,应用综合评分法得出了该机具作业时各参数的最优组合:机具前进速度为0.65 m·s~(-1)、旋耕刀组刀头线速度为0.90 m·s~(-1)、搅龙轴转速为950 r·min-1、覆土圆盘倾角为35°。根据该最优组合作业参数进行试验验证,试验结果表明,在此优化试验条件下,作业机播种合格率均值可达92.6%,膜上覆土厚度均值为40.1 mm,符合马铃薯种植机质量评价技术规范要求。     

旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米高效用水机制研究

通过田间试验对半干旱区不同栽培方式下玉米土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的研究,探明了全膜双垄沟播玉米农田高效用水的机制。结果表明:全膜双垄沟播栽培不同位置大垄、垄沟、小垄土壤平均含水量在0~60 cm土层内差异显著(P0.05),且垄沟含水量最高,其次为大垄,小垄最低;播种期0~60 cm土层平均体积含水量全膜双垄沟播与露地平作差异显著(P0.05),升高14.19%,且拔节期以前全膜双垄沟播种植土壤贮水量最高,表明全膜双垄沟播栽培有利于玉米的出苗及前期的生长;全膜双垄沟播栽培较半膜平作增产26.76%,水分利用效率较半膜平作提高14.83%。     

气吸式覆膜精量油菜播种机排种性能试验与优化设计

针对目前高寒地油菜播种机普遍存在的重播漏播率高、人工劳动强度大、生长期缺水等问题，研究设计了一种气吸式精量播种机，一次性完成膜上播种、施肥、滴水灌溉、覆膜。分析了播种机主要结构、工作原理，对其关键部件进行结构设计，以排种盘转速、气吸室负压、排种盘型孔直径为试验因素，利用软件优化分析获得合理参数组合。结果表明：播种机排种盘转速197 r·min^-1、气吸室负压2.5 kPa、排种盘型孔直径1.2 mm时，田间播种合格率为93%、重播率3%、漏播率1%，播种质量较好。田间试验表明上述参数组合下排种器工作性能满足油菜播种机工作性能要求，该研究为油菜精密播种机的研究和设计提供了理论和技术参数。     

加装新型仿形加载机构免耕播种机的动态模拟

为保证播种深度稳定,提高播种质量,通过对加装两种不同仿形加载机构的免耕播种机开沟深度和弹簧形变量时域分析,建立了传递函数。作业速度为5 km·h~(-1)时,新型仿形加载机构的弹簧形变量均值与变异系数分别为0.26 cm、38.5%,验证了免耕播种机系统为欠阻尼衰减振动系统,阻尼比为0.62;系统响应时间与最大超调量比原仿形加载机构分别减少18%、32%,其结果比原仿形加载机构系统平稳性好,有利于免耕播种机开沟深度稳定。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.