吉林西部查干湖湖泊沉积物中元素的空间变化及其环境意义

对吉林省西部查干湖湖泊沉积物中元素的空间分布特征及其潜在生态危害进行了研究。得出同吉林西部土壤中元素平均值相比,查干湖湖底表层底泥中明显富Ca、Cl、Mg、Hg、Cd,而贫K、U、Al、Co、Na、有机碳,其中Al2O3、MgO、Fe2O3、CaO、As、Hg、Cr、U、Cu、Zn、Cd、Se、Co、Ni、Th、Mn、N、P等主要来自岩石或土壤的风化作用,表层底泥中Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害性均很小;在湖泊沉积柱剖面中,Fe2O3、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、Cd具有相同的变化趋势,不同沉积柱中沉积物具有相似的来源,沉积柱中重金属的潜在生态危害程度也很小,预示着在垂直方向上进入查干湖水体的重金属污染物数量也很少;查干湖的水体环境质量较好。     

辽南石槽剖面红色风化壳地球化学特征初步分析

通过对元素含量分布特征、元素活化情况以及化学风化强度的分析,研究辽南石槽剖面红色风化壳的地球化学特征,为认识不同地区红色风化壳风化特征的空间差异提供初步依据。结果表明:石槽剖面红色风化壳的化学组成以SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3为主,化学风化过程中Fe、K、Na、Mg和Ca发生不同程度的迁移淋失,而Al、Si相对富集。微量元素含量平均值排序为MnO>ZrO_2>Cr_2O_3>Rb_2O>ZnO>NiO>SrO>CuO,Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Mn等微量元素强烈亏损,淋失程度随风化程度的增强而增强。石槽剖面红色风化壳发育在较温暖、湿润的气候条件下,处于脱Ca、Na富Al的中等化学风化阶段。     

玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米／鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O－P＞Ca10－P＞Ca8－P＞Al－P＞Fe－P＞Ca2－P ,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca2－P、Ca8－P、Al－P和Fe－P的含量,O－P和Ca10－P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe－P、施纯磷40 kg·hm－2处理下Al－P及施纯磷80 kg·hm－2处理下Ca10－P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

新疆民丰县农田土壤微量营养元素含量及分布

基于新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中的6种微量营养元素（Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo）的实测含量,运用地统计学方法对研究区土壤中微量营养元素的含量及空间分布进行分析。结果表明：Cu、Fe、Mn元素的块金系数在25%~75%,为中等程度的空间自相关性,空间变异同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响;土壤B、Zn、Mo元素的块金系数小于25%,具有强烈程度的空间自相关性,空间变异受到影响的因素主要有成土母质、气候等自然条件。Fe、B、Zn元素的平均含量处于较缺乏水平,Mn、Cu元素的平均含量处于中等水平,Mo元素的平均含量处于较丰富水平。研究区土壤中6种微量元素之间存在一定程度的相关性。土壤有机质和pH对土壤微量营养元素含量均有不同程度的影响。     

新疆民丰县农田土壤微量营养元素含量及分布

基于新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中的6种微量营养元素(Fe、B、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo)的实测含量,运用地统计学方法对研究区土壤中微量营养元素的含量及空间分布进行分析。结果表明:Cu、Fe、Mn元素的块金系数在25%~75%,为中等程度的空间自相关性,空间变异同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响;土壤B、Zn、Mo元素的块金系数小于25%,具有强烈程度的空间自相关性,空间变异受到影响的因素主要有成土母质、气候等自然条件。Fe、B、Zn元素的平均含量处于较缺乏水平,Mn、Cu元素的平均含量处于中等水平,Mo元素的平均含量处于较丰富水平。研究区土壤中6种微量元素之间存在一定程度的相关性。土壤有机质和pH对土壤微量营养元素含量均有不同程度的影响。     

黄土丘陵区不同地貌类型地球化学分布特征

根据宁夏南部黄土丘陵区彭阳古城乡黄土梁峁—茹河河谷剖面和西吉城郊乡黄土梁峁—葫芦河河谷剖面土壤样品地球化学测试的结果,分别对不同地貌部位的常量元素、微量元素和微量元素有效态的含量进行了对比研究。大多数常量元素比较稳定,K+、Na+在河谷阶地区富集,在黄土梁峁及边坡流失;CaO和Fe2O3由于土壤水的作用和氧化还原条件的不同,其含量在河谷阶地区较少;大多数微量元素在土壤中比较稳定,Ti、P、V、Zn和Ba等元素的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部<河谷阶地;B在土壤中的含量:黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡>河谷阶地;微量元素的有效态含量:河谷阶地>黄土丘陵梁峁顶部>黄土丘陵梁峁边坡。     

不同利用年限设施栽培土壤金属元素含量的变化

以农田和露天菜地为对照,研究了晋北地区不同利用年限设施栽培土壤金属元素含量的变化。结果表明,由农田改为设施栽培菜地后,随着利用年限的增加,不同土层中K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cd和Li含量表现出“降低—升高—降低”的变化规律,Fe、Mn、Cu和Cr含量则呈现“升高—降低—升高”的变化规律。进一步方差分析表明,不同处理之间,同一土层金属元素含量差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）。表层土壤中K、Na、Al、Fe、Mn和Cu含量值均比第二次全国土壤普查时含量值高,而露天菜地和设施栽培土壤Ca、Mg含量差异不明显。依据中国土壤环境质量评价标准,当地设施栽培土壤Cd、Cu和Cr含量均没有超标,但土壤Cd含量偏高,整体分布在0.28～0.56 mg·kg^-1的范围内,接近我国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准上限1 mg·kg^-1。     

马铃薯块茎中一些矿质元素的含量及其在软腐病发生中的作用

 测定了对细菌性软腐病抗感能力不同的3个马铃薯品种的块茎中14种矿质元素的含量。发现薯肉组织中Cu、Zn的含量高低与品种对伤口侵染的抗性强弱有相关性。Ni、K也有类似情况,而Ca、Mg含量与抗性无关。用溶液渗透法浸泡薯块后,只有CuS0₄能显著抑制软腐病的发生。Zn、Fe、Al等在一定浓度时也有一些作用。Mg处理无效,Ca处理只能使薯块腐烂面积略有减小,而不能减少腐烂病斑数。对于自然带菌和人工接种的薯块。CuSO₄·5H₂O的浓度分别为500和5000mg/L时防效达100%。     

割草对典型草原植物营养元素贮量及分配的影响 Ⅳ.土壤—植物营养元素含量的比较

内蒙古典型草原割草地的土壤、羊草的根、植物的留茬部分和割取部分 ,其 9种营养元素含量的月变化各有特点。在割草区和对照区 ,土壤中的含量变化较小 ;羊草根部各营养元素有不同的变化趋势 ;留茬部分和割取部分的变化形式更多 ,而且留茬部分的含量多数低于割取部分。9种营养元素含量的年平均值在土壤和羊草的不同部位亦有很大差异。在割草区 ,土壤以Mg的含量最高 ,为 3 .41 63± 0 .6772 % ,以 Cu最低 ,为 2 0 .2 6± 8.43 10 - 6 ,其余的依次为 K、Ca、Fe、N、P、Mn和 Zn。羊草根部以 N的含量最高 ,为 0 .75 70± 0 .1 40 0 % ,以 Zn最低 ,为 1 6.1 7±4.4610 - 6 ,其余的依次为 Ca、K、P、Fe、Mg、Mn和 Cu。留茬部分和割取部分亦以 N的含量最高 ,分别为 1 .92 1 0± 1 .0 1 1 0 %和 2 .3 0 40± 0 .8680 % ,以 Cu最低 ,分别为 9.97± 7.7710 - 6和 1 5 .48± 1 5 .8710 - 6 ,其余的顺序相同 ,即 K、Ca、P、Mg、Fe、Mn和 Zn。与对照区相比 ,土壤中 9种元素的含量 ,割草区多数低于对照区 ;羊草根部、留茬部分和割取部分是割草区多数高于对照区。根据 9种元素在土壤中的含量可分为三类 ,一类是严重短缺或一般短缺 ,如 N和 P;二类较为丰富 ,如 Ca、Mg、Fe和 Mn;三类为介于一类和二类之间 ,即有时短缺有时     

青海省黄土丘陵区主要林分土壤微量元素丰缺状况研究

以青海省黄土丘陵区为例,对比分析了土壤中有效态微量元素Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、B在不同林地类型中的含量差异及其与土壤有机质、p H值之间的相关性。结果表明:1)土壤中有效态Fe和B含量极其丰富,达到高等水平;Cu含量比较丰富处于中等水平;Zn含量较为丰富,处于中低水平;Mn含量极其缺乏,处于极低或低水平。不同林型中,针阔混交林和灌木林的有效态微量元素含量较高。2)各微量元素有效性指数从大到小依次为Fe、Cu、B、Zn、Mn,Fe的有效性指数最高(7.613),Mn的有效性指数最小(0.722)且有效性指数均小于1。不同林分中微量元素有效性综合指数顺序为针阔混交林>灌木林>针叶林>阔叶林。3)有机质与有效态Fe呈极显著正相关(p<0.05),土壤p H与有效态Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量呈负相关关系。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.