2002-2009年中国干旱区积雪时空分布特征

以中国干旱区为研究对象,利用MODIS和AMSR-E融合后的2002-2009年8个水文年份（8月1日至7月31日）的无云积雪产品,计算并验证了用遥感方法提取研究区积雪日数、初雪日期和终雪日期的精度,结合积雪日数制图和积雪面积统计,分析了研究区8 a来积雪时空分布特征。结果显示：① 与气象台站观测资料获取的积雪参数的对比验证表明,遥感方法提取积雪参数的精度较高,误差日数大多在20 d以内,主要表现为遥感方法积雪日数的低估,初雪日期的延后和终雪日期的提前。② 除山地冰川和永久积雪外,天山和阿尔泰山山系间的北疆地区是研究区内季节性积雪最为丰富的地区,积雪日数一般在60 d以上,不过积雪的分布不均匀,大体上从边缘山区向内部盆地中心积雪日数递减,初雪日期延后,终雪日期提前。③ 干旱区在2005年、2007年和2002年积雪面积较大,而2008年和2006年积雪面积较小。各年稳定积雪存在的地区和范围相对稳定,面积变化不大,其年际变化主要体现在积雪日数的增减上;不稳定积雪的面积一般高于稳定积雪,且年际变化较大,积雪日数大多在20 d以内。     

Spatio-temporal patterns of satellite-derived grassland vegetation phenology from 1998 to 2012 in Inner Mongolia,China

Spatio-temporal variations of vegetation phenology, e.g. start of green-up season(SOS) and end of vegetation season(EOS), serve as important indicators of ecosystems. Routinely processed products from remotely sensed imagery, such as the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), can be used to map such variations. A remote sensing approach to tracing vegetation phenology was demonstrated here in application to the Inner Mongolia grassland, China. SOS and EOS mapping at regional and vegetation type(meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and steppe desert) levels using SPOT-VGT NDVI series allows new insights into the grassland ecosystem. The spatial and temporal variability of SOS and EOS during 1998–2012 was highlighted and presented, as were SOS and EOS responses to the monthly climatic fluctuations. Results indicated that SOS and EOS did not exhibit consistent shifts at either regional or vegetation type level; the one exception was the steppe desert, the least productive vegetation cover, which exhibited a progressive earlier SOS and later EOS. Monthly average temperature and precipitation in preseason(February, March and April) imposed most remarkable and negative effects on SOS(except for the non-significant impact of precipitation on that of the meadow steppe), while the climate impact on EOS was found to vary considerably between the vegetation types. Results showed that the spatio-temporal variability of the vegetation phenology of the meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe could be reflected by the monthly thermal and hydrological factors but the progressive earlier SOS and later EOS of the highly degraded steppe desert might be accounted for by non-climate factors only, suggesting that the vegetation growing period in the highly degraded areas of the grassland could be extended possibly by human interventions.     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

Snow resisting capacity of Caragana microphylla and Achnatherum splendens in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China

Snow resisting capacity of vegetation is important for secondary distribution of water resources in seasonal snow areas of grassland because it affects the regeneration,growth and nutrient circulation of vegetation in grassland.This study investigated vegetation characteristics(canopy height,canopy length and crown width)of Caragana microphylla Lam.(shrub)and Achnatherum splendens(Trin.)Nevski.(herb),and snow morphologies(snow depth,snow width and snow braid length)in a typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia,China in 2017.And the influence of vegetation characteristic on snow resisting capacity(the indices of bottom area of snow and snow volume reflect snow resisting capacity)was analyzed.The results showed that snow morphology depends on vegetation characteristics of shrub and herb.The canopy height was found to have the greatest influence on snow depth and the crown width had the greatest influence on snow width.The canopy length was found to have little influence on morphological parameters of snow.When the windward areas of C.microphylla and A.splendens were within the ranges of 0.0-0.5 m2 and 0.0-8.0 m2,respectively,the variation of snow cover was large;however,beyond these areas,the variation of snow cover became gradually stable.The potential area of snow retardation for a single plant was 1.5-2.5 m2 and the amount of snow resistance was 0.15-0.20 m3.The bottom area of snow and snow volume(i.e.,snow resisting capacity)of clumped C.microphylla and A.splendens was found to be 4 and 25 times that of individual plant,respectively.The results could provide a theoretical basis both for the estimation of snow cover and the establishment of a plant-based technical system for the control of windblown snow in the typical steppe region of Inner Mongolia.     

内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应

区域尺度积雪信息的时空监测,对确定雪灾的影响范围及灾情等级划分具有重要意义。利用2002-2012年10个积雪季节的Terra Aqua/MODIS积雪产品(MOD10A2),按月最大面积合成,分析了内蒙古积雪覆盖面积的时空变化特征及气候响应。结果表明:时间上,近10年内蒙古积雪面积年内变化整体上呈现双峰和单峰的波动特点,最大积雪面积发生在12月和1月份,最小积雪面积发生在10月份。近10年内蒙古积雪面积年际变化呈现波动的特点,整体上积雪面积有减少的趋势。空间上大兴安岭西麓、呼伦贝尔高原以及乌珠穆沁盆地是积雪长时间覆盖区,锡林郭勒草原和乌兰察布草原的积雪面积变化主导着内蒙古的总体积雪面积波动,1月份之前是积雪面积增加的阶段,之后是积雪消融阶段。内蒙古的积雪面积变化与当地的气候条件变化趋势相关,气温的明显上升引起暖冬化,可能导致积雪面积的减少,说明内蒙古积雪面积的变化主要受气温的影响。     

秦岭主峰太白山积雪时空变化规律及驱动机制分析

利用2000—2017年LandsatTM数据,基于SNOMAP算法提取秦岭主峰太白山积雪面积,同时结合研究区地形数据及10个气象站点的气象观测数据,分析太白山积雪变化特征及其与地形、气候因素的关系。结果表明:(1)2000-2017年冷季太白山积雪面积在波动中减少。积雪面积消减率为24.15%;(2)影响太白山积雪变化的地形因素呈现出相同的规律特点,伴随海拔的升高,积雪覆盖率在2500m以上大幅减少,同时随坡度增大,积雪覆盖率总体随坡度变化呈V型分布;(3)气象因素中太白山积雪面积减少受冷季平均气温升高影响较大,通径分析结果显示太白山积雪面积变化受地形因素及气候因素等多方面因素影响。     

气温变化条件下融雪速率和土壤水分变化的同步观测试验

气候变化可以改变积雪持续的时间、雪盖储水量及积雪开始融化的时间,从而影响土壤水分时空分配。利用TFACE（temperature free air controlled enhancement）的增温装置,在中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站的融雪季节进行为期一个月的室外增温试验。试验包括3种处理：自然状态、增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ。结果表明：气温的升高和增温区内局部空气热对流加入的黑色粉尘物质加速了积雪的消融;在增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ条件下,积雪将提前19 d和25 d 消融,相应的各土层土壤水分也出现不同程度的增加。与此同时,土壤水分最大值也提前13 d和22 d。土壤水分极值的提前预示着以融雪水为重要来源、以超渗产流模式为主的河流洪峰的提前,或者超渗产流模式向蓄满产流模式的转变。这将给区域内水资源的时空分布和管理分配带来影响。     

中国干旱区积雪面积产品去云处理方法验证与评估

针对MODIS每日积雪产品中云覆盖现象严重这一问题,以中国干旱区作为研究对象,结合AMSR-E被动微波雪深数据,采用多时相、多传感器数据融合的方法进行去云处理,获取MODIS每日,4 d,8 d和MODIS与AMSR-E融合后的每日,4 d与8 d共6种新的积雪产品,并分别提取其积雪持续日数（SCD）。对比结果显示,MODIS与AMSR-E多传感器的阈值法4日融合产品在融合算法效率、云去除效果和融合后保持较高分类精度方面均有较好表现,其融合后的无云产品在全天气条件下具有96%的整体分类精度、80%的雪分类精度和99%的陆地分类精度,大大高于研究区原MODIS Terra-Aqua每日融合积雪产品全天候条件下64%,32%和70%的整体、雪、陆分类精度;并且由其提取的积雪持续日数不仅在最大程度上保持了原MODIS产品高的空间分辨率,而且精度较高,对研究区积雪的空间分布状况有很好反映。     

积雪变化特征及与气候之间的关系——以乌鲁木齐地区为例

本文研究和探讨了乌鲁木齐地区积雪的变化特征,利用1990年—2004年遥感气象卫星积雪监测资料和地面观测点信息,一方面对积雪的时间变化进行回归分析,提出了雪盖和雪深的增长和衰减模型;另一方面与气候因子(气温与降水)进行复合分析,提出雪盖和雪深的气温降水复合模型。从而加深对乌鲁木齐积雪的认识,其定性和定量分析可为农牧业、水利部门提供有益参考。     

天山云杉雪盖面积估算树冠截留雪水当量实验分析

雪水当量是一个能直观反映出积雪水资源量的重要指标,准确而全面地获取天山云杉树冠截留雪水当量信息,对于提高天山水资源量计算精度方面具有重要意义。本文以天山云杉树苗为研究对象,通过模拟降雪,进行降雪截留实验研究。利用数码照相机获取云杉的雪盖面积、高精度天平称量树冠上截留的雪水质量,进而建立起云杉树苗雪盖面积和雪水当量之间的关系。实验结果表明:多株云杉树苗多次模拟降雪,树冠截留的雪水当量和垂直朝下数字摄影获得的雪盖面积之间拟合曲线趋于一致,且拟合回归方程满足y=21.235χ^2-1.457χ(R^2=0.992 5);通过云杉多次模拟降雪实验,构建云杉雪盖面积与树冠截留的雪水当量模型,提出一套利用雪盖面积较为准确估算树冠截留雪水当量的科学方法,为天山云杉树冠截留降雪及其雪水当量提供高精度估算模型。     

Responses of vegetation cover to the Grain for Green Program and their driving forces in the He-Long region of the middle reaches of the Yellow River

The implementation of the Grain for Green Program is a great breakthrough in the history of China's ecological environment construction,which can control soil erosion effectively,increase land productivity and improve the ecological environment.To investigate the eco-environmental benefits brought by the Grain for Green Program,the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover in the growing season from 2000 to 2010 across the Hekou-Longmen(He-Long) region were analyzed by using remote sensing information,meteorological data and land use data.Moreover,the impacts of climate and human activities on vegetation change were evaluated objectively.Annual vegetation cover in the growing season increased very significantly.Increased vegetation cover occurred in 98.7% of the region,of which the area for vegetation cover improved slightly constituted 79.8% of the whole area.Vegetation moderately improved was mainly distributed in the south of the He-Long region,covering 9.6% of the area,and the area for vegetation basically unchanged concentrated in the middle and upper reaches of the Wuding River.Precipitation was found to be an important natural factor influencing vegetation cover change.The area of vegetation cover showing a significantly positive correlation with precipitation occupied 22.14% of the region.As driven by policies from the Grain for Green Program,forestland increased significantly and land use structure became more intensive.Human activities played a positive and effective role in the protection,restoration and improvement of vegetation in the places where vegetation cover was basically unchanged,even though precipitation declined greatly,and vegetation improved moderately with massive increases of forestland and grassland.     

河西走廊东部积雪的时空演变特征分析

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961—2007年近47 a的逐月积雪深度和积雪日数的常规观测资料,分析河西走廊东部最大积雪深度和积雪日数月、季节和年的空间分布以及时间变化特征。结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪日数、最大平均积雪深度和极端最大积雪深度的分布从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区多于低海拔区,山区多于平原区。时间变化上,积雪日数47 a来呈平稳变化趋势,震荡减少,变率很小,积雪深度呈增加趋势;河西走廊东部积雪日数最多出现在1月,最少出现在9月,积雪深度最大出现在3月,最小出现在12月;积雪日数冬季最大,春季次之,秋季最小;积雪深度春季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小;相关系数法分析表明,积雪日数和积雪深度都是冬季的变化主导了年尺度的变化;河西走廊东部积雪日数1990s中期以前以6~7 a、9~10 a和2~3 a的周期为主,1990s中期以后周期主要表现为6~7 a和2~3 a;积雪深度1970s中期以前以6~7 a和2~3 a周期为主,1970s中期~1990s中期9~10 a、12~13 a和2~3 a反应明显,1990s中期以后周期又表现为6~7 a和2~3 a。     

祁连山东段积雪面积变化及其区域气候响应

积雪的动态研究是目前全球变化研究的热点,祁连山位于河西走廊南侧,是甘肃气候变化的敏感区和关键区,其积雪的动态分布对气候变化的影响和响应研究具有重要意义.在气候变暖的大背景下,祁连山积雪面积发生了变化,文中利用EOS/MODIS、NOAA资料以及气象资料,应用线性光谱混合模型提取像元内积雪所占比例,分析祁连山积雪面积时间...     

光学与雷达遥感协同的大尺度草地灌丛化监测研究

受全球变化及人类利用方式强度影响,草地灌丛化已成为干旱半干旱地区草原生态系统最为突出问题之一。准确掌握大尺度草地灌丛化信息,对草地可持续利用管理及气候变化响应分析具有重要的意义。极化合成孔径雷达在地表粗糙度、灌木生物量等估算上已经展现出了一定潜力,其与多光谱光学影像的结合从理论上来说具备开展草原灌丛化监测的可能,然而目前严重缺乏这方面的研究。本研究选择锡林郭勒草原为研究区,以欧空局Sentinel-1与Sentinel-2时间序列影像及地面草原灌丛化样地观测数据为数据源,通过相关性分析及随机森林等模型方法,开展了锡林郭勒草原的灌丛覆盖度估算研究。研究结果表明:(1)光学数据与草地总覆盖度显著相关,但对草地灌丛化特性不敏感,相对来说3月份的红边植被指数与6月份的光学植被指数与灌丛覆盖度相关性略高。(2)极化合成孔径雷达数据对于灌丛覆盖度有较强敏感性(VH极化好于VV极化),且高相关性贯穿了整个生长期,其中6月份的VH极化数据与灌丛覆盖度相关性可达0.64。(3)联合光学与雷达数据的随机森林模型可以实现较高精度草地灌丛覆盖度估算(R²=0.76,RMSE=0.05),其中雷达数据Sentinel-1的贡献度为71.54%,光学数据Sentinel-2的贡献度为28.47%。     

气候变暖对高寒地区植物生长与物候影响分析

研究高寒地区植被在气候变化下的反应与适应等过程成为众多科学家所关注的问题。植物生长与物候是对气候变化敏感且易观测的指标,为更好得了解高寒地区植被生态系统对全球气候变化的响应机制,文中基于已有的研究并结合自己的实验分析了气候变暖对高寒地区植物生长与物候的影响。分析指出:1)温度升高对高寒植被有正效应,而温度持续升高,则对植被产生负效应,但增温效应都未达到显著水平,说明短期增温对该植被影响不显著;2)较高海拔地区(4500m)的植物高度有增加趋势,而较低海拔地区(3400m)的植物可能出现矮化;3)在高寒生态系统,温度升高能够加快植物物候进程,延长生长季,但物候的改变也会给其带来生存风险。     

天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子

以天山北坡军塘湖流域为研究区,测量2009年和2010年该地区不同深度土壤湿度的变化,并对2 a融雪期各土壤湿度进行比较。结果表明：2 a间 0 cm和10 cm土壤湿度变化趋势一致,20 cm和30 cm土壤湿度变化差异较大。运用相关分析方法,分析2009年各层土壤湿度与2 m气温、土壤温度及雪深的关系,得出各层土壤湿度变化是气温、雪深和土壤温度综合作用的结果,但在不同时期不同深度土壤湿度所受的影响因子不同。同时分析了2009年和2010年不同土壤湿度特征与融雪洪水洪峰的关系,得出在融雪期,若下层（20 cm以下）土壤湿度变化小则出现洪水,反之则无洪水。其结果为进一步研究融雪径流模型和洪水径流预报提供基础资料。     

基于GIS的东北及邻近地区积雪深度空间化方法

根据近50 a东北及邻近地区122个地面测站逐日积雪深度观测资料,采用REOF方法划分为5个气候区,利用DEM资料建立经度、纬度、海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库,并结合三维二次趋势面方法对研究区域雪深进行GIS模拟。结果表明：宏观地形因子与雪深呈较好的正相关关系,大、小兴安岭是东北地区积雪分布较多区域,大致按山脉走向分布,海拔高、纬度高的地区雪深较大。分区模拟,微观地形因子对积雪深度的影响增大,突出积雪深度分布的局地特征,同时相对误差显著减小。     

Effects of climate change on phenology and primary productivity in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia

 Variations in temperature and precipitation affect local ecosystems. Considerable spatial and temporal heterogeneity exists in arid ecosystems such as desert steppes. We analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of climate and vegetation phenology in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, China, using meteorological data from 11 stations (1961–2010) and phenology data from 6 ecological stations (2004–2012). We also estimated the gross primary production for the period of 1982–2009 and found that the annual mean temperature increased at a rate of 0.47ºC/decade during 1961–2010, with the last 10 years being consistently warmer than the 50-year mean. The most significant warming occurred in winters. Annual precipitation slightly decreased during the 50-year period, with summer precipitation experiencing the highest drop in the last 10 years, and spring precipitation, a rise. Spatially, annual precipitation increased significantly in the northeast and eastern central area of the region next to the typical steppe. From 2004 to 2012, vegetation green-up and senescence date advanced in the area, shortening the growing season. Consequently, the primary productivity of the desert steppe decreased along precipitation gradient from southeast to northwest. Temporally, productivity increased during the period of 1982–1999 and significantly decreased after 2000. Overall, the last decade witnessed the most dramatic climatic changes that were likely to negatively affect the desert steppe ecosystem. The decreased primary productivity, in particular, decreases ecosystem resilience and impairs the livelihood of local farmers and herdsmen.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗积雪特征

根据2006年12月至2007年4月天山乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗季节性积雪的观测资料,分析了该区域积雪厚度、积雪温度及积雪储水量的变化特征。结果表明:空冰斗积雪在观测初期比较稳定,随着降水量增加,积雪厚度也随之增加,4月中旬达到最大值,季节性积雪的持续时间约为7个月;积雪厚度最大值一般出现在海拔3830m附近,这一高度以下积雪厚度随海拔升高呈现增加的趋势,而在这一高度以上则呈相反趋势;积雪温度受气温影响明显,在观测期内随着气温的升高积雪温度也逐渐上升;研究期内积雪储水量高于上世纪90年代初的同期观测值。     

Determinants and rates of land degradation: Application of stationary time-series model to data from a semi-arid environment in Kenya

The causes of land degradation in the African drylands have been shown to vary. Some researchers consider climate to be the major contributor to degradation, with anthropogenic factors playing a minor role. Others reverse the significance of these two factors. A third group attributes land degradation to climate and anthropogenic factors equally. This study was undertaken to establish the factors influencing land degradation in a semi-arid environment in southeastern Kenya and the rate of change in vegetation types for a period of 35 years(1973–2007). The reduction in grassland cover was used as an indicator of land degradation. Causes of land degradation were determined by a multiple regression analysis. A log-linear regression analysis was used to establish the rate of vegetation change. The multiple and log-linear regression analyses showed:(1) woody vegetation, livestock population and cultivated area to be the main contributors of reduction in grassland cover in the area, and (2) an increase in undesirable woody species, livestock population and cultivated area had a significant(P0.05) negative effect on grassland vegetation. Increased human population, low amounts of rainfall and drought showed no significant negative effect on grassland vegetation cover. In conclusion, human and livestock population growth and increased agricultural land have contributed to intensive crop cultivation and overgrazing in the semi-arid lands. This overuse of the semi-arid rangelands has worsened the deterioration of the natural grassland vegetation.