内蒙古积雪面积时空变化及其对气候响应

区域尺度积雪信息的时空监测,对确定雪灾的影响范围及灾情等级划分具有重要意义。利用2002-2012年10个积雪季节的Terra Aqua/MODIS积雪产品(MOD10A2),按月最大面积合成,分析了内蒙古积雪覆盖面积的时空变化特征及气候响应。结果表明:时间上,近10年内蒙古积雪面积年内变化整体上呈现双峰和单峰的波动特点,最大积雪面积发生在12月和1月份,最小积雪面积发生在10月份。近10年内蒙古积雪面积年际变化呈现波动的特点,整体上积雪面积有减少的趋势。空间上大兴安岭西麓、呼伦贝尔高原以及乌珠穆沁盆地是积雪长时间覆盖区,锡林郭勒草原和乌兰察布草原的积雪面积变化主导着内蒙古的总体积雪面积波动,1月份之前是积雪面积增加的阶段,之后是积雪消融阶段。内蒙古的积雪面积变化与当地的气候条件变化趋势相关,气温的明显上升引起暖冬化,可能导致积雪面积的减少,说明内蒙古积雪面积的变化主要受气温的影响。     

2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪时空分布特征研究

基于2001-2014年的MODIS10A2积雪产品数据,对新疆阿尔泰地区积雪的年际变化特征、年内变化特征及空间分布进行了分析研究,得到以下结论:1)年内积雪一般由10月中旬左右便开始累积建立,在第二年1月份积雪覆盖面积到最大值,7月份积雪覆盖面积达到最小值,其中,冬季积雪面积所占比例最大,夏季最小。2)2001-2014年新疆阿尔泰地区积雪覆盖面积呈减少趋势。阿尔泰地区积雪空间分布极不均匀,北部积雪分布明显多于南部,山区及高海拔地区为积雪频次分布的高值区,平原及流域地区为积雪覆盖频次的低值区。3)永久性积雪主要分布在阿尔泰山北部的高海拔区(3000-3923m),且面积较小。     

基于地形校正的山区积雪深度反演算法

积雪深度是天气和水文模型运行的必要参数。利用微波遥感可以反演不同尺度的地表积雪深度参数,为全球或区域尺度气候模型与水循环提供有效积雪参数。现有积雪深度微波遥感反演算法未综合考虑地形因子对反演结果的影响。微波辐射计观测的地表信号会受到地形的影响,导致能量在地表重新得到分配,这不仅引起传感器本身的观测误差,而且改变了地表的微波散射和辐射,使得水热能量在地表重新分配,从而也影响着地表关键参数的反演精度。为了提高山区积雪深度的反演精度,分析了坡度、坡向等地形因子对积雪深度反演的影响,在利用微波遥感反演积雪深度时加入地形坡度和坡向校正,构建基于地形效应的微波辐射模型,提出基于地形校正的山区积雪深度反演算法。实验结果显示,地形校正前,积雪深度反演的RMSE=10.41,地形校正后,积雪深度反演的RMSE=7.22,积雪深度反演精度得到了一定的提高。     

近30年来乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗季节性积雪对气候变暖的响应

利用中国科学院天山冰川观测试验站提供的1987-2014年的乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗的气象观测资料,同时结合1987-1993/2006-2007/2014-2015对空冰斗季节性积雪的观测资料,分析了该区域积雪厚度,积雪日数的变化特征以及最大积雪深度与气温降水的关系。结果表明:1)在积雪稳定期,气温和降水总体呈增加趋势,且这种趋势主要发生在春季。2)稳定期积雪的持续时间有明显的缩短趋势。积雪的最大深度出现在海拔3865m处,这一高度以下,积雪深度随海拔升高呈现上升趋势,而这一高度以上的地区则相反。3)积雪稳定期,降水对最大积雪深度的影响远远大于气温等其他气象因素。     

干旱区季节性积雪融雪期含水率变化及其模拟—以新疆军塘湖流域为例

积雪含水率是干旱区季节性积雪出流的重要条件。描述了融雪期干旱区季节性积雪含水率的变化,利用数理统计方法分析了影响因素,并采用多元统计模型进行模拟。结果表明:1)融雪期干旱区季节性积雪含水率变化范围在0-8%之间。积雪含水率融雪前期变化较小,在0-1%之间,融雪后期变化幅度增加,在1-8%之间;2)融雪前期、后期积雪含水率大致从下层至上层依次减少,中期反之;3)气温是积雪含水率变化的主要影响因素,其具有滞后性。     

天山北坡典型内陆河流域积雪年内分配与年际变化研究——以玛纳斯河流域为例

以500m分辨率的MOD10A2积雪遥感影像和气象站点数据为基础,以积雪覆盖率和初雪日与积雪日数为变量对玛纳斯河流域积雪的年内分配(2007年10月-2008年9月)与年际变化(1960年-2006年)进行了分析探讨.结果表明:水文年内玛纳斯河流域积雪变化较大,北部开阔的河谷地带积雪覆盖呈现明显的季节性变化;南部山区海...     

祁连山东段积雪面积变化及其区域气候响应

积雪的动态研究是目前全球变化研究的热点,祁连山位于河西走廊南侧,是甘肃气候变化的敏感区和关键区,其积雪的动态分布对气候变化的影响和响应研究具有重要意义.在气候变暖的大背景下,祁连山积雪面积发生了变化,文中利用EOS/MODIS、NOAA资料以及气象资料,应用线性光谱混合模型提取像元内积雪所占比例,分析祁连山积雪面积时间...     

基于GIS的东北及邻近地区积雪深度空间化方法

根据近50 a东北及邻近地区122个地面测站逐日积雪深度观测资料,采用REOF方法划分为5个气候区,利用DEM资料建立经度、纬度、海拔高度3个宏观地形因子以及坡度、坡向和开放度3个微观地形因子的数据库,并结合三维二次趋势面方法对研究区域雪深进行GIS模拟。结果表明：宏观地形因子与雪深呈较好的正相关关系,大、小兴安岭是东北地区积雪分布较多区域,大致按山脉走向分布,海拔高、纬度高的地区雪深较大。分区模拟,微观地形因子对积雪深度的影响增大,突出积雪深度分布的局地特征,同时相对误差显著减小。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗积雪特征

根据2006年12月至2007年4月天山乌鲁木齐河源区空冰斗季节性积雪的观测资料,分析了该区域积雪厚度、积雪温度及积雪储水量的变化特征。结果表明:空冰斗积雪在观测初期比较稳定,随着降水量增加,积雪厚度也随之增加,4月中旬达到最大值,季节性积雪的持续时间约为7个月;积雪厚度最大值一般出现在海拔3830m附近,这一高度以下积雪厚度随海拔升高呈现增加的趋势,而在这一高度以上则呈相反趋势;积雪温度受气温影响明显,在观测期内随着气温的升高积雪温度也逐渐上升;研究期内积雪储水量高于上世纪90年代初的同期观测值。     

不同下垫面积雪反演参数的率定研究

青藏高原积雪分布及其时空变化对地表能量交换、水文过程以及气候环境变化具有重要影响，通过NDSI指数阈值法从卫星数据中获取积雪覆盖信息是当前主流技术手段，但受限于高原积雪偏浅、消融快、下垫面类型多样和斑块化分布显著等特征，采用NDSI固定阈值往往不能精确提取高原积雪分布状况。文中以青藏高原东部青海省为研究区，利用MOD10A1数据分析典型下垫面类型积雪区的NDSI与站点自动观测雪深间对应关系，以确定不同下垫面类型积雪的判识参数NDSI阈值范围，得出研究区典型下垫面草地、裸地、耕地、城镇用地的积雪反演参数NDSI最优阈值分别为0.32、0.19、0.20、0.36,用Landsat8 OLI数据判识的积雪空间分布作为“真值”对使用NDSI最优阈值判识出积雪的精度进行验证，结果表明草地、裸地、耕地、城镇用地四种下垫面积雪判识提取的总体精度(OA)分别为92.88%、92.56%、97.19%、99.81%,表明考虑不同下垫面类型下的NDSI阈值率定优化可以有效地提高青藏高原地区积雪反演判别精度。     

Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains,China

Estimating the snow cover change in alpine mountainous areas (in which meteorological stations are typically lacking) is crucial for managing local water resources and constitutes the first step in evaluating the contribution of snowmelt to runoff and the water cycle. In this paper, taking the Jingou River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China as an example, we combined a new moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover extent product over China spanning from 2000 to 2020 with digital elevation model (DEM) data to study the change in snow cover and the hydrological response of runoff to snow cover change in the Jingou River Basin under the background of climate change through trend analysis, sensitivity analysis and other methods. The results indicate that from 2000 to 2020, the annual average temperature and annual precipitation in the study area increased and snow cover fraction (SCF) showed obvious signs of periodicity. Furthermore, there were significant regional differences in the spatial distribution of snow cover days (SCDs), which were numerous in the south of the basin and sparse in the central of the basin. Factors affecting the change in snow cover mainly included temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope and aspect. Compared to precipitation, temperature had a greater impact on SCF. The annual variation in SCF was limited above the elevation of 4200 m, but it fluctuated greatly below the elevation of 4200 m. These results can be used to establish prediction models of snowmelt and runoff for alpine mountainous areas with limited hydrological data, which can provide a scientific basis for the management and protection of water resources in alpine mountainous areas.     

Spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in Xinjiang,Northwest China

Glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change and are undergoing significant changes in mid-latitudes. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of typical glaciers and their responses to climate change in the period of 1990-2015 in 4 different mountainous sub-regions in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China: the Bogda Peak and Karlik Mountain sub-regions in the Tianshan Mountains; the Yinsugaiti Glacier sub-region in the Karakorum Mountains; and the Youyi Peak sub-region in the Altay Mountains. The standardized snow cover index (NDSI) and correlation analysis were used to reveal the glacier area changes in the 4 sub-regions from 1990 to 2015. Glacial areas in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions in the period of 1990-2015 decreased by 57.7, 369.1, 369.1, and 170.4 km², respectively. Analysis of glacier area center of gravity showed that quadrant changes of glacier areas in the 4 sub-regions moved towards the origin. Glacier area on the south aspect of the Karlik Mountain sub-region was larger than that on the north aspect, while glacier areas on the north aspect of the other 3 sub-regions were larger than those on the south aspect. Increased precipitation in the Karlik Mountain sub-region inhibited the retreat of glaciers to a certain extent. However, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak and Youyi Peak sub-regions were not sensitive to the increased precipitation. On a seasonal time scale, glacier area changes in the Bogda Peak, Karlik Mountain, Yinsugaiti Glacier, and Youyi Peak sub-regions were mainly caused by accumulated temperature in the wet season; on an annual time scale, the correlation coefficient between glacier area and annual average temperature was -0.72 and passed the significance test at P<0.05 level in the Karlik Mountain sub-region. The findings of this study can provide a scientific basis for water resources management in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China in the context of global warming.     

积雪变化特征及与气候之间的关系——以乌鲁木齐地区为例

本文研究和探讨了乌鲁木齐地区积雪的变化特征,利用1990年—2004年遥感气象卫星积雪监测资料和地面观测点信息,一方面对积雪的时间变化进行回归分析,提出了雪盖和雪深的增长和衰减模型;另一方面与气候因子(气温与降水)进行复合分析,提出雪盖和雪深的气温降水复合模型。从而加深对乌鲁木齐积雪的认识,其定性和定量分析可为农牧业、水利部门提供有益参考。     

Spatiotemporal variation in snow cover and its effects on grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau

Snow cover is an important water source for vegetation growth in arid and semi-arid areas,and grassland phenology provides valuable information on the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.The Mongolian Plateau features both abundant snow cover resources and typical grassland ecosystems.In recent years,with the intensification of global climate change,the snow cover on the Mongolian Plateau has changed correspondingly,with resulting effects on vegetation growth.In this study,using MOD10A1 snow cover data and MOD13A1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)data combined with remote sensing(RS)and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in snow cover and grassland phenology on the Mongolian Plateau from 2001 to 2018.The correlation analysis and grey relation analysis were used to determine the influence of snow cover parameters(snow cover fraction(SCF),snow cover duration(SCD),snow cover onset date(SCOD),and snow cover end date(SCED))on different types of grassland vegetation.The results showed wide snow cover areas,an early start time,a late end time,and a long duration of snow cover over the northern Mongolian Plateau.Additionally,a late start,an early end,and a short duration were observed for grassland phenology,but the southern area showed the opposite trend.The SCF decreased at an annual rate of 0.33%.The SCD was shortened at an annual rate of 0.57 d.The SCOD and SCED in more than half of the study area advanced at annual rates of 5.33 and 5.74 DOY(day of year),respectively.For grassland phenology,the start of the growing season(SOS)advanced at an annual rate of 0.03 DOY,the end of the growing season(EOS)was delayed at an annual rate of 0.14 DOY,and the length of the growing season(LOS)was prolonged at an annual rate of 0.17 d.The SCF,SCD,and SCED in the snow season were significantly positively correlated with the SOS and negatively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCOD was significantly negatively correlated with the SOS and positively correlated with the EOS and LOS.The SCD and SCF can directly affect the SOS of grassland vegetation,while the EOS and LOS were obviously influenced by the SCOD and SCED.This study provides a scientific basis for exploring the response trends of alpine vegetation to global climate change.     

气温变化条件下融雪速率和土壤水分变化的同步观测试验

气候变化可以改变积雪持续的时间、雪盖储水量及积雪开始融化的时间,从而影响土壤水分时空分配。利用TFACE（temperature free air controlled enhancement）的增温装置,在中国科学院天山积雪与雪崩研究站的融雪季节进行为期一个月的室外增温试验。试验包括3种处理：自然状态、增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ。结果表明：气温的升高和增温区内局部空气热对流加入的黑色粉尘物质加速了积雪的消融;在增温Ⅰ和增温Ⅱ条件下,积雪将提前19 d和25 d 消融,相应的各土层土壤水分也出现不同程度的增加。与此同时,土壤水分最大值也提前13 d和22 d。土壤水分极值的提前预示着以融雪水为重要来源、以超渗产流模式为主的河流洪峰的提前,或者超渗产流模式向蓄满产流模式的转变。这将给区域内水资源的时空分布和管理分配带来影响。     

2002-2009年中国干旱区积雪时空分布特征

以中国干旱区为研究对象,利用MODIS和AMSR-E融合后的2002-2009年8个水文年份（8月1日至7月31日）的无云积雪产品,计算并验证了用遥感方法提取研究区积雪日数、初雪日期和终雪日期的精度,结合积雪日数制图和积雪面积统计,分析了研究区8 a来积雪时空分布特征。结果显示：① 与气象台站观测资料获取的积雪参数的对比验证表明,遥感方法提取积雪参数的精度较高,误差日数大多在20 d以内,主要表现为遥感方法积雪日数的低估,初雪日期的延后和终雪日期的提前。② 除山地冰川和永久积雪外,天山和阿尔泰山山系间的北疆地区是研究区内季节性积雪最为丰富的地区,积雪日数一般在60 d以上,不过积雪的分布不均匀,大体上从边缘山区向内部盆地中心积雪日数递减,初雪日期延后,终雪日期提前。③ 干旱区在2005年、2007年和2002年积雪面积较大,而2008年和2006年积雪面积较小。各年稳定积雪存在的地区和范围相对稳定,面积变化不大,其年际变化主要体现在积雪日数的增减上;不稳定积雪的面积一般高于稳定积雪,且年际变化较大,积雪日数大多在20 d以内。