1956～2008辽宁省近53年的降水量变化

利用国家气候中心提供的辽宁省8市8个气象观测站近53年(1956～2008年)的逐月降水时间序列,分别计算了平均降水量、汛期降水量和距平,运用气候倾向率、累积距平法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了近54年辽宁省的降水变化特征与趋势,结果表明:1)近53年来,辽宁省的平均降水量呈现下降的趋势,降水日数和汛期降水量也同样表现减少的趋势。2)年代际变化的整体波动不大,从20世纪60年代到2000年以后,辽宁省降水量大致经历了:多-多-少-多-少的过程。3)辽宁省降水量的季节分配很不均匀,除春季降水量呈增加的趋势外,夏、秋、冬三个季节都略下降。其中夏季和秋季存在明显的振荡周期。     

近50年东北地区的气候变化事实检测分析

采用国家基准气候站和基本气象站的地面资料,系统地分析了中国东北地区1956年以来近地表主要气候要素演化的时间和空间特征。结果表明:东北近50 a来年平均气温变暖幅度约为1.5℃,增温速率接近0.3℃/(10 a),比北半球和全国同期平均增温速率明显偏高。气温增暖主要发生在最近的20余年。1956年以来东北平均降水量呈略减少趋势,降水变化的空间特征明显而相对稳定,黑龙江的漠河、内蒙古的海拉尔、赤峰的个别地区呈略增加以外,其他大部地区呈减少趋势,尤其黑龙江东部、吉林西部以及辽宁东南部地区降水减少明显。在降水量减少的同时,降水日数也同时减少。分析还发现,近50 a来东北平均的日照时数、平均风速、蒸发量、相对湿度等气候要素均呈显著下降趋势。各不同的气候要素都存在着年际和年代际变化振荡周期,对这些气候要素进行了突变检测,发现年平均气温在1988年发生了明显突变,气温突变首先是以最低气温突变开始的,说明气候变暖是以最低气温变暖开始的。降水量在1961年发生突变,降水量由多减少;降水日数在1994年发生了由多转少的突变;日照时数突变发生在1978年,之后日照时数呈变少趋势。     

渭河源区气候变化及其对水资源的影响

利用渭河源区气象观测资料和水资源定位观测资料,分析气候变化特征、水资源变化特征,及其二者的关系,建立水资源气候模式.分析表明:渭河源区降水量年际变化呈下降趋势,降水量变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在- 10.442～- 10.417 mm/10a之间,降水量递减以秋季、夏季降水量递减为主.气温年际变化趋势呈显著上升趋势,气温变...     

甘肃省近43年降水资源变化对农业的影响

选取甘肃省63个地面测站降水量资料,利用对比分析方法,研究了甘肃省降水资源变化特征及其对农业的影响.结果表明:年降水量,越冬作物生育期、春小麦生育期和秋作物生育期的降水量1987-2003年与1961-1986年相比,时空分布发生了明显变化,河西中东部为增多趋势,河东为减少趋势,分界线与黄河走向基本一致;河东年降水量减少的幅度和速率比河西增加的幅度和速率都大,河东气候向暖干化发展的趋势加快;旱作区降水量减少,极端干旱事件频繁发生,可利用降水资源更加紧缺,对农业可持续发展的负面影响明显增大.     

肃北县戈壁过渡带降水量对气候变化的响应

采用肃北气象站1973-2010年降水量和相关气候要素的实测资料,利用小波分析等统计方法,分析肃北戈壁过渡带降水量对气候变化的响应。结果表明：① 近年来,肃北戈壁过渡带降水量呈显著上升趋势,其中年、春季、秋季和冬季降水量距平趋势系数分别为0.260、0.792、0.507和0.063,夏季降水量趋势系数为-1.396,说明夏季降水量有下降的趋势。② 通过对降水量的多时间尺度分析发现,小尺度4～5 a的周期存在于20世纪90年代末期以后的时域中,降水量变化表现为3个偏多期和4个偏少期;大尺度10～19 a、30～35 a的周期震荡非常明显,分别经历了偏少→偏多6个循环和偏多→偏少的交替变化过程。③ 夏季降水量与气温、日照时数、蒸发量和地表温度均存在着较为显著的响应关系。根据降水量的变化状况,在一定程度上可以反应出其他气象要素的变化规律,它们共同影响着当地的气候变化。气温、日照时数、蒸发量和地表温度随着降水量的变化,均表现出负增长的变化特征,其中蒸发量与降水量的变化关系最为密切,相互的影响也最大,这是因为夏季日照时间长且较强,从而引起了降水量与蒸发量的变化较大。     

全球气候变化下黄土高原泾河流域近40年的气候变化特征分析

全球气候变化对于农业生产活动和生态环境保护有着深刻的影响。本文用时间序列分析中的距平曲线和短期预测方法分析了泾河流域内14个气象站点1960~1999(1971-2000)年气温和降水量的变化趋势,并用简单气候偏差指数计算了逐年的降水量变差;同时用变异系数计算了14个站点1960~1999(1971-2000)年的降水量年际变差。结果表明:近40年来14个站点的年均温度呈现明显的上升趋势,平均增温0.7℃略高,年平均增温率为0.0225℃/a;年降水量呈现微弱的减少趋势,但是波动幅度和变异系数都在增加,降水量年际间偏差呈现先减少后又增加的趋势。年内气候变化的趋势变化表现为:冬季温度升高;春季、夏季降水量占全年的百分比有显著增加趋势,而秋季降水所占的百分比显著减少。最后分析了全球变化背景下泾河流域近40年来气候出现的这种暖干化趋势对流域农业生产和生态环境的可能影响,可为相关部门调整农业结构、种植结构,优化种植模式等决策提供指导。     

内蒙古准格尔旗农业气候变化特征分析

本文通过对内蒙古准格尔旗1959-2001年逐日气候资料进行分析,得出在全球变暖的大气候背景下,该地区的农业气候因子(温度、降水量和日照时数)的变化特征和趋势,结果表明该地区90年代末的平均气温和生长季平均温度分别比60年代升高约1.4℃和0.9℃,降水没有明显的变化趋向,但年际间变幅减小,日照时数则明显减少,这些气候要素的变化影响到作物的成熟性和产量。本文对该地区的气候变异规律进行分析,为种植结构调整和新的农业生产管理决策提供科学依据。     

气候变化与品种更新对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区冬小麦的影响

利用甘肃省通渭农业气象观测站1981—2010年的气象和农气观测资料,运用相关分析、趋势分析和方差分析等方法,就气候变化与品种变化对黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区冬小麦的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明:近30年来该地区在冬小麦生育期内温度升高(增长率为0.225℃·10a~(-1))、降水量减少(减少率为23.879mm·10a~(-1)),气候呈现暖干化趋势。降水的减少与品种更新均导致冬小麦的生育期明显缩短。近30年来,甘肃省通渭县冬小麦产量增加了4 514.97 kg·hm~(-2),冬小麦生育期内温度的增加和降水量的减少对产量增加没有明显促进作用。冬小麦品种的改良可提高产量8.8%~132.0%,其变异系数在4.1%~65.6%之间。方差分析结果表明,不同品种间的平均产量之间存在显著的差异(F=4.056,P0.01)。通过分析产量在年际间、气候要素间和品种间的变化,可以发现品种的更新是冬小麦产量显著提高的原因。     

近47年来京津冀地区降水的变化

利用线性回归、突变分析和小波分析方法,分析了京津冀地区1960-2006年84个地面台站降水量的变化。结果表明:47年来京津冀降水量呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为15mm/10a。除夏季外,其余季节降水量均呈增加趋势。由于华北地区夏季降水量集中了全年降水量的60%至70%,所以夏季降水量的显著减少使得年平均降水量呈下降趋势;京津冀地区夏季降水量在1996年代初减少是一突变现象,其他季节降水量无突变现象;京津冀地区年降水量和四季降水量大致存在3个主要周期的变化。     

近40年玛曲草地暖干化趋势及影响因子分析

通过利用Holdridge可能蒸散率(PER),对玛曲草地1971～2010年的干湿变化特征进行了分析,近40年玛曲草地PER呈明显的上升趋势,上升趋势达0.03/10a,20世纪90年代后,玛曲草地PER持续偏高,并在1993年出现了增大突变,降水量以7.4mm/10a的趋势减少,温度以0.46℃/10a的趋势上升,生物温度以0.25℃/10a的趋势上升,降水量与生物温度呈现出明显反向变化,玛曲草地有从极湿润区向湿润区过渡的趋势,出现了明显的暖干化趋势。主成分分析表明玛曲草地暖干化的主要原因是气温升高,同时日照时数增加、降水量减少、相对湿度下降和风速减小加剧了暖干化的趋势。受气候暖干化和人为因素的影响,玛曲草地出现了明显的退化和沙化,沼泽湿地的面积也呈明显的减少趋势,导致玛曲草地牧草产量下降,涵养水源能力急剧下降和生物多样性锐减。     

近45年来陕西省可利用的降水资源特征及变化

利用陕西省1961-2005年月平均气温和降水资料,讨论了该地区45年来降水以及可利用的降水资源的变化特征。结果表明:陕西省降水及可利用的降水资源呈现南多北少的特点,夏季最大,分别占全年的47%和45%,冬季最小,分别占3%和1%;陕北地区可利用降水资源高度集中在夏季,占全年的58%,关中和陕南秋季较丰富,关中集中在秋季,占到全年的50%。而可利用降水系数南北各区均以秋季最高,全年平均则陕南最高,陕北次之,关中最低。45年来,全省平均可利用降水资源的总体趋势是减少的,这是由于陕北和关中的降水减少所致。     

Effects of climate change and land-use changes on spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water in Ningxia,Northwest China

Water resources are a crucial factor that determines the health of ecosystems and socio-economic development; however, they are under threat due to climate change and human activities. The quantitative assessment of water resources using the concept of blue water and green water can improve regional water resources management. In this study, spatiotemporal distributions of blue water and green water were simulated and analyzed under scenarios of climate change and land-use changes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Northwest China, between 2009 and 2014. Green water, a leading component of water resources, accounted for more than 69.00% of the total water resources in Ningxia. Blue water and green water showed a single peak trend on the monthly and annual scales during the study period. On the spatial scale, the southern region of Ningxia showed higher blue water and green water resources than the northern region. The spatiotemporal distribution features of blue water, green water, and green water flow had strong correlations with precipitation. Furthermore, the simulation identified the climate change in Ningxia to be more influential on blue water and green water than land-use changes. This study provides a specific scientific foundation to manage water resources in Ningxia when encountered with climate change together with human activities.     

Simulating hydrological responses to climate change using dynamic and statistical downscaling methods: a case study in the Kaidu River Basin,Xinjiang, China

Climate change may affect water resources by altering various processes in natural ecosystems. Dynamic and statistical downscaling methods are commonly used to assess the impacts of climate change on water resources. Objectively, both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the present study, we assessed the impacts of climate change on water resources during the future periods (2020-2029 and 2040-2049) in the upper reaches of the Kaidu River Basin, Xinjiang, China, and discussed the uncertainties in the research processes by integrating dynamic and statistical downscaling methods (regional climate models (RCMs) and general circulation modes (GCMs)) and utilizing these outputs. The reference period for this study is 1990-1999. The climate change trend is represented by three bias-corrected RCMs (i.e., Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 regional climate model (HadGEM3-RA), Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4), and Seoul National University Meso-scale Model version 5 (SUN-MM5)) and an ensemble of GCMs on the basis of delta change method under two future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). We applied the hydrological SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model which uses the RCMs/GCMs outputs as input to analyze the impacts of climate change on the stream flow and peak flow of the upper reaches of the Kaidu River Basin. The simulation of climate factors under future scenarios indicates that both temperature and precipitation in the study area will increase in the future compared with the reference period, with the largest increase of annual mean temperature and largest percentage increase of mean annual precipitation being of 2.4°C and 38.4%, respectively. Based on the results from bias correction of climate model outputs, we conclude that the accuracy of RCM (regional climate model) simulation is much better for temperature than for precipitation. The percentage increase in precipitation simulated by the three RCMs is generally higher than that simulated by the ensemble of GCMs. As for the changes in seasonal precipitation, RCMs exhibit a large percentage increase in seasonal precipitation in the wet season, while the ensemble of GCMs shows a large percentage increase in the dry season. Most of the hydrological simulations indicate that the total stream flow will decrease in the future due to the increase of evaporation, and the maximum percentage decrease can reach up to 22.3%. The possibility of peak flow increasing in the future is expected to higher than 99%. These results indicate that less water is likely to be available in the upper reaches of the Kaidu River Basin in the future, and that the temporal distribution of flow may become more concentrated.     

Sensitivity and vulnerability of water resources in the arid Shiyang River Basin of Northwest China

The sensitivity and vulnerability of water resources to climate change is difficult to assess. In this study, we used a conceptual hydrologic model to investigate the sensitivity of streamflow to climate change. We also proposed a framework to evaluate the vulnerability of water resources in arid regions. We applied this framework to a case study of the Shiyang River Basin in Northwest China. Results showed that the precipitation and streamflow in Shiyang River Basin exhibited no significant trends of change from 1956 to 2010. In the past five decades, however, the temperature increased significantly by 0.37°C per decade. According to the sensitivity assessment, a 10% increase in precipitation and a 1°C increase in temperature altered mean annual streamflow by averages of 14.6% and –0.5%, respectively, from 1988 to 2005. In the 2000s, the calculated vulnerability of water resources in Shiyang River Basin was more than 0.95, indicating severe vulnerability. The increase in the amount of precipitation and the implementation of water-saving measures can reduce the vulnerability of water resources in the future; if precipitation increases by 10% per decade and the use of irrigation water decreases by 15% in the 2030s, the evaluated value of water resources vulnerability will be reduced to 0.79. However, the region remains highly vulnerable. The proposed framework for vulnerability assessment can be applied to the arid regions in Northwest China, and the results of our efforts can identify adaptation strategies and improve the management of water resources in such regions.     

河西走廊干旱区农业气候资源变化特征

以1960~2005年河西走廊地区19个气象站46年的气候资料为基础,运用气候变化倾向率方法对该地区年及春、夏、秋、冬四季的光、热、水等主要农业气候资源要素进行诊断分析,并应用Mann-Kendall方法对主要农业气候资源要素的突变性进行了检测和分析。结果表明,近46年来,河西走廊区域内的气温呈平缓上升趋势,热量资源比较丰富,特别是平均最低气温增温幅度明显,冬季增温大于春、夏、秋季,但总体增温幅度低于我国平均增温水平,温度等热量资源在20世纪90年代中期同步发生突变。降水量变化比较平缓,呈略有增加的趋势,且季节性明显,夏季降水增加的贡献最大,与降水有密切关系的蒸发潜力自60年代起一直呈上升趋势,并在90年代中期发生突变,增速加快,降水蒸发差从70年代起呈缓慢下降趋势,不存在突变现象。太阳辐射与日照时数变化趋势一致,总体呈上升趋势,变化倾向率均为正值,从地域分布上看,北部及中部走廊绿洲区数值增加明显。河西走廊区域内总体的农业气候变化以"气温升高,降水略增、日照增加"为主要特点。文章最后简要分析讨论了农业气候资源的变化给河西走廊农业生产带来的主要影响。     

基于改进的标准化降水指数的黄河中游干旱情势研究

提出了一种基于旬累积尺度的月标准化降水指数(SPI)计算方法,该方法不仅考虑了前期降雨量对区域当前旱情的影响,因而对旱情的评估更为客观,同时在实际应用中更具有时间上的灵活性,更能体现气象干旱的累积效应和预报的时效性。计算了黄河中游山西省境内近40a(1971-2009年)各旬干旱指数,分析结果表明改进的标准化降水指数能够很好地表征黄河中游山西省境内的历史旱情状况。引入国际上常用的多种未来气候情景,研究分析了未来气候变化下2021-2050年黄河中游山西省境内地区旱情发展的可能情势,结果表明其存在对农业不利影响加重的可能,需要引起水资源管理部门的重视。     

新疆气候变化研究进展

通过对1990年以来新疆气候变化研究的国内外文献资料的归纳总结,将新疆气候变化事实、影响、应对措施及预测等方面的最新研究进展进行了概括.结果表明:整体上,新疆的气候正在向暖湿化方向转变,这一变化事实导致了该区域水热的重新配置,对水资源和农业等都产生了较大的影响.     

影响新疆南部地区环境变化的因素分析

借助前人研究成果和环境监测资料,分析新疆南部（以下简称南疆）地区近年来存在的主要生态与环境问题及其影响因素。结果表明：影响南疆环境变化的有自然因素和人为因素。自然因素主要是南疆呈现气温上升、降水增加和风沙天气减弱的趋势;人为因素主要表现为,人口持续增加、过度的水土开发以及城市化和工业化进程加速对环境的压力。合理的水土资源开发会对环境产生积极影响,即改善局部地带的小气候,减少干旱、土地荒漠化和风沙灾害,提高人工绿洲生态系统的服务功能等。无论是自然因素的变化,还是人为因素的干扰,对南疆生态系统的发展都存在着利与弊的双重作用。     

气候变化对干旱缺水区中尺度流域水文过程的影响

基于1997-2003年的气象水文资料,选择了黄土高原泾河流域上游,对半分布式生态水文模型SWIM进行了率定和验证,并以流域历史气象条件为基准,固定其它气候因素不变,针对单一气候因素变化(降水或温度)进行了情景模拟,分析、评价了降水和温度对流域径流量、蒸散量和土壤蓄水量各水文过程的影响。结果表明:流域降水量增加(减少),年径流、蒸散及蒸散分量、土壤蓄水量均增加(减少),且降水转化为各水量平衡分量的比例大小依次为径流量(蓝水)>蒸散量(绿水)>土壤蓄水量;流域温度升高,蒸散及其分量随之增加,但径流和土壤蓄水量则随之相应减少。研究结果对于变化环境下的干旱区流域水资源管理具有一定的意义。     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.