柽柳属灌木集流造林技术研究

本文对兰州北山集流造林的九年生柽柳属十个种的保存率及生长状况进行了研究分析，筛选出适于当地生长的优良种为中国柽柳、多枝柽柳、密花柽柳、刚毛柽柳、异花柽柳和甘蒙柽柳共六种，为造林地树种选择提供了科学依据。     

新疆柽柳属植物(Tamarix L.)的分布与群落相似性聚类分析

调查研究了新疆境内柽柳属植物的分布与群落类型。在前人工作基础上绘制了新疆柽柳属植物分布图。研究结果表明，地表水是柽柳群落繁衍的关键，地下水是柽柳群落生存的命脉。水是决定和影响柽柳属植物现代地理分布的关键环境因子。依据柽柳群落所处地形地貌、土壤类型和群落景观等环境特征将柽柳群落划分成9种不同的生态类型。依据群落间物种组成的相似性系数对群落进行了聚类分析，揭示了各类落间的内在关联性和演替规律。     

短毛柽柳(Tamarix karelinii Bge)的分类学地位探讨

短毛柽柳的分类学地位一直是柽柳属中争论的焦点之一。由于所持划分依据不同 ,认为短毛柽柳为刚毛柽柳杂种、变种或一独立的种。本文系统回顾了短毛柽柳的研究历史 ,对前人所做的有关刚毛柽柳和短毛柽柳形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、植物化学及分子生物学的研究结果进行了分析 ,并查阅了大量的标本 ,认为短毛柽柳是刚毛柽柳的一个变种 ,是从刚毛柽柳进化到另一个极端种的中间过渡阶段 ,同意Baum的意见 ,将其学名恢复为Tamarixhispidavarkarelinii (Bge)Baum .。     

柽柳属植物镜下器官特征描述及分类学意义

新疆柽柳属植物为新疆重要的固沙植物,有１８种１变种。面积大（５５３万ｈｍ＾２）,分布广,由于花器小不易观察,种间易杂交,使本属植物成为有花植物中分类最为困难的属之一。为精确分类,为该属植物分类提供解剖学依据,本实验将新疆的１４种柽柳植物的叶、花、种子等器官在解剖镜下放大二十倍,进行观察描述,并对关键特征拍照。总结出结构典型、特征稳定、专属性强的识别特征,且易掌握、好记忆,使种间性状的相识性明显区分     

柽柳科红砂属(Reaumuria L.)的分类与分布

柽柳科红砂属植物种类在我国的分布虽然不多,但属的种类可形成亚洲干旱区荒漠地带的建群种或优势种。目前尚无分类专著和系统的分类研究。根据世界各地植物志和国内标本馆信息,对世界红砂属的分类和分布进行了系统的整理。确认红砂属含21种,隶属2亚属2组6系,我国仅4种。该属是中亚干旱区集中分布的一个属,有18种之多,但也延伸到西亚、南欧、北非等地。在亚属、组、系的分类等级上,对其分布进行了分布点图的标记,并对中国分布的4种红砂也进行了标记。     

柽柳属植物抗旱性排序研究

本文通过对12种柽柳的水分生理指标和形态指标的研究,分别采用极点分析法(PO)和主分量分析法(PCA)进行植物抗旱性能的排序分析得知:两种排序方法在柽柳属抗旱性能排序上的应用结果基本一致,证明了该方法的可行性,12种柽柳抗旱性能的大小分别为;沙生柽柳>安氏柽柳>山川柽柳>短毛柽柳>多枝柽柳>霍氏柽柳>细穗柽柳>中国柽柳>甘蒙柽柳>长穗柽柳>刚毛柽柳>短毛柽柳。     

炭疽菌属几个重要种的分子系统学研究

 炭疽菌属(Colletotrichum Cda.)分布广泛,是一重要的植物病原真菌属,尤其在热带和亚热带地区。由于形态特征差异微小和不稳定,该属的分类一直较为混乱。本文应用RAPD和ITS-RFLP 2种分子生物学方法对炭疽菌属几个重要种的种间和种内亲缘关系进行研究,为该属的分类提供了有用的分子依据。     

柽柳属植物的分类特征

本文系统地讨论了柽柳属植物的花序和开花习性,花盘的构型,苞片、花萼、花冠脱落与否和曲率,雄蕊、雌蕊、果实、枝干以及叶子等形态特征,评价了它们的分类特征,为鉴定本属植物提供了正确的分类依据。     

炭疽菌属真菌分类研究现状及发展趋势

炭疽菌属真菌种类较多,可以侵染较多种植物,对生产造成的危害极为严重。鉴于该属真菌形态特征具有诸多相似性的特点,多年来,炭疽菌属的分类始终处于较为混乱的状态。本研究基于炭疽菌属中已经报道全基因组序列的禾谷炭疽菌、希金斯炭疽菌数据,通过对炭疽菌属真菌分类过程、存在问题进行分析。同时,结合前期的研究结果,以细胞信号转导过程中涉及的保守基因为标记基因,进行了炭疽菌属真菌的分类研究。     

新疆柽柳幽柽木虱的生物学特性

在新疆的柽柳属植物上发现3种木虱，对其中的柽柳幽柽木虱进行了研究。该种木虱在新疆阜康地区1年发生1代，以4龄若虫在柽柳多年生枝条上越冬。越冬若虫翌年4月中旬开始取食，并使枝条顶端形成虫瘿，若虫在虫瘿内发育到5龄，至6月开始羽化，成虫平均寿命7．3d。雌成虫将卵产在花苞内，若虫在花苞内取食形成虫瘿，4龄若虫10月中旬爬出虫瘿转移到多年生枝条上越冬。发现若虫寄生蜂1种。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.