苯醚甲环唑在套袋与不套袋苹果中的残留及消解动态

通过两年田间试验并结合气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)技术,研究比较了苹果套袋 和不套袋2种不同栽培方式下苯醚甲环唑在苹果中的残留及消解动态。结果表明:2011和2012年, 苯醚甲环唑在未套袋苹果中的原始沉积量分别为0.44和0.17 mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为12.8和15.5 d;2012年其在套袋苹果中的原始沉积量为0.056 mg/kg,半衰期为31.9 d。两年的试验表明,于苹果收获前35~42 d,按照10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量(有效成分分别为66.7和100 mg/L)施药2次和3次, 距末次施药后7 d采收,套袋和不套袋果实中苯醚甲环唑的残留量均低于我国最大残留限量(MRL)值0.5 mg/kg,其中套袋处理均低于0.03 mg/kg,表明苯醚甲环唑按照推荐剂量及次数施用是安全的;在套袋方式下,苯醚甲环唑残留量明显降低。     

丙环唑在香蕉和土壤中的消解动态及残留安全性评价

采用田间试验方法研究丙环唑在香蕉和土壤中的残留动态。超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆液质联用法进行(UPLC-MS/MS)定量定性分析。丙环唑在香蕉中的平均回收率为81.9%～100.2%;在香蕉全果中的平均回收率为72.8%～103.6%;在土壤中的平均回收率为81.9%～94.6%。动态结果表明:丙环唑在香蕉全果中比在土壤中消解快,其消解半衰期分在香蕉全果和土壤中分别为13.9d和23.3d。在香蕉上按照推荐剂量最多施药2次,采收期距最后一次施药40d,香蕉果肉中丙环唑残留量小于0.011mg/kg。低于中国规定的最高残留限量(MRL,0.1mg/kg),说明该药为低残留、易消解农药。     

苯醚甲环唑在茶叶中的残留量及其在茶汤中的浸出动态研究

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)对田间采集的茶叶样品中的苯醚甲环唑残留量进行了测定,同时对泡茶后茶汤中苯醚甲环唑的浸出动态进行了研究。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑10%水分散粒剂分别按有效成分100和150 mg/kg于茶叶炭疽病发生初期施药2~3次,距末次施药后间隔5 d采样,成茶中苯醚甲环唑的残留量低于最大残留限量(MRL)值10.0 mg/kg;茶汤中苯醚甲环唑残留量及浸出率随冲泡次数的增加逐渐下降,4次冲泡的总浸出率为19.6% ~21.8%,人体摄入的苯醚甲环唑残留量占每日允许摄入量(ADI)的9.0%。     

苯醚甲环唑在芹菜和土壤中的残留行为及风险评估

在湖南和山东开展了10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在芹菜上的残留田间试验，在室内进行了土壤生物的急性毒性试验。基于苯醚甲环唑的残留试验数据和毒性端点值，就苯醚甲环唑对中国不同人群的长期及短期膳食摄入风险和对土壤生物的环境风险进行了评估。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在芹菜叶、茎和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为5.2~8.8 d、8.0~8.2 d和13.6~15.0 d。苯醚甲环唑按推荐剂量有效成分120 g/hm2喷雾施药3次，施药间隔期5 d，距最后一次施药5 d收获时苯醚甲环唑在芹菜叶片中的残留量高于MRL (3 mg/kg，中国)，在茎和整株芹菜中的残留量均低于MRL。普通人群和1~6岁儿童的短期摄入风险商 (RQ_a) 值分别为0.09和0.10；对于不同人群，芹菜中苯醚甲环唑对长期膳食摄入风险商的贡献率 (RQ_c%) 为9.4%~19.8%。10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂对环境中的土壤生物风险商 (RQ_e) 值为0.368~0.890，不会产生初级急性风险。     

苯醚·丙环唑30%乳油在稻田中的残留动态研究

通过田间试验,研究了苯醚·丙环唑30%乳油在稻田中的残留动态过程,借助残留分析方法和气相色谱技术,得到添加回收率为80.1%~120.0%。苯醚甲环唑在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的半衰期分别为0.86、2.27、4.08d;丙环唑的半衰期分别为0.78、2.10、3.47d,说明这两种农药在稻田环境中易降解。最终残留试验结果表明苯醚·丙环唑30%乳油在推荐剂量条件下施药,农药的残留量不会对环境和人体的健康造成影响。     

浸果处理后苯醚甲环唑在柑橘贮藏过程中残留量的变化

研究了贮藏期间柑橘中苯醚甲环唑残留量变化与浸果处理药液浓度、贮藏温度和贮藏时间的关系,以及果实不同部位残留水平的差异。柑橘经苯醚甲环唑药液浸泡处理后在常温或低温条件下贮藏,定期取样用丙酮-石油醚(3∶ 1,体积比)提取,气相色谱测定。当添加浓度范围为0.05 ~5.0 mg/kg时,本方法回收率在81.9% ~91.4%之间,相对标准偏差为5.3% ~17.5%,最低检出浓度为0.02 mg/kg。试验结果表明:柑橘中苯醚甲环唑残留水平与药液浓度呈正相关;低温贮藏下柑橘对苯醚甲环唑的吸收低于常温;苯醚甲环唑的残留水平随贮藏时间的延长而下降;橘皮中苯醚甲环唑的残留明显高于橘肉。建议10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂的使用浓度为100 mg/L,其贮藏安全间隔期为21 d。     

氟环唑在小麦及土壤中的残留及消解动态

为了评价氟环唑在小麦生产上使用的残留安全性,建立了气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测氟环唑在小麦植株、小麦籽粒及土壤中残留的分析方法,并对氟环唑在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的最终残留量及小麦植株和土壤中的消解动态进行了研究。结果表明:在添加水平为0.01、0.1和2 mg/kg（小麦籽粒和土壤）和0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg（小麦植株）下,氟环唑的回收率为82%~93%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~9.7%。氟环唑在小麦植株、小麦籽粒和土壤中的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。氟环唑在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为3.5~8.4和10~30 d。当以有效成分112.5 g/hm2的剂量施药2次、采收间隔期为21 d时,小麦籽粒中氟环唑的残留量为<0.05 mg/kg,低于中国制定的小麦中氟环唑的最大残留限量值（0.05 mg/kg）。建议氟环唑在小麦上使用时最大剂量为有效成分112.5 g/hm2,施药2次,安全间隔期为21 d。     

苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和土壤中的残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法,借助气相色谱检测技术研究苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜和土壤中的残留与降解动态。结果表明,苯醚甲环唑在黄瓜中的降解比土壤中快,在黄瓜中的降解半衰期为6.46～7.21d;在土壤中的降解半衰期为8.77～9.94d.苯醚甲环唑10%水分散粒剂在黄瓜上按照推荐有效成分剂量（125.0g a.i./hm2）,施药3次,采收期距最后1次3d,黄瓜和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量均低于UK/EC规定的最高残留限量（MRL,0.1mg/kg）。     

QuEChERS/GC-MS快速分析土壤中的苯醚甲环唑残留

采用QuEChERS方法结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法建立了土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留的快速分析方法。用乙腈提取土壤中的苯醚甲环唑,基质固相分散净化后,GC-MS外标法定量。结果表明:方法具有快速、简便、高效、灵敏等优点,苯醚甲环唑在0.005~0.5 μ g/mL质量浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数达0.999。土壤中苯醚甲环唑添加水平为0.01~0.5 mg/kg时,平均回收率为74.2%~91.9%,相对标准偏差在4.59%~6.62%之间,检出限(LOD)为0.002 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.005 mg/kg。田间土壤消解动态试验表明:苯醚甲环唑在北京土壤中的消解半衰期为17.4 d,属于易降解农药。     

氟环唑30%悬浮剂在水稻中的残留动态研究

分析检测氟环唑30%悬浮刺在水稻中的残留消解动态以及最终残留量,为制定氟环唑在水稻上的合理使用提供科学依据。建立了经乙腈提取,上清液经分散固相萃取净化,过膜后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪检测氟环唑残留的方法。得出氟环唑在水稻中的半衰期为2.62d。氟环唑在距离施药21d采样的植株样品中的残留量均0.41mg/kg;氟环唑在距离施药21d采样的糙米样品中的残留量均0.43mg/kg;氟环唑在距离施药21d采样的糙米样品中的残留量均0.49mg/kg。     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Pests,Predators, and Parasites

Abstract

The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed.     

Intestinal uptake,metabolism, and transport of naphthol: In vitro capacity,requirements, and inhibition

The metabolism and transport of [¹⁴C]-naphthol were investigated in sacs of rat small intestine to better understand metabolism of the pesticide carbaryl (which contains naphthol) in the intestine. The capacity to synthesize polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites was approximately saturated at 50 μM naphthol. The metabolic capacity of the cranial small intestine was about two times the capacity of the caudal. Anaerobic incubation severely suppressed naphthol metabolism. Sodiumfree medium suppressed metabolism only slightly but altered transport of water and of the polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites to serosal and mucosal fluids; the effect on metabolite transport cannot be explained by the effects of sodium on water movements, however. Calcium-free medium did not affect metabolism or metabolite transport; 2,4-dinitrophenol, and possibly phlorizin, but not ouabain, suppressed naphthol metabolism in specific regions of the intestine. Each of the three inhibitors altered metabolite transport. It is concluded that the capacity to conjugate naphthol in the small intestine is greater in the cranial than caudal regions; the quantity of naphthol taken up from the medium is proportional to the rate of formation of the polar metabolite, naphthyl glucuronide; addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phlorizin, or ouabain, or deletion of sodium, perturbed the transport of the polar metabolite, but the perturbance could not be explained by the effect on rate or direction of fluid transfer and indicated an effect on cellular permeability or on transport mechanisms; the effect of the three inhibitors and possibly of elevated naphthol concentrations (to 520 μM) in the medium on metabolite transport may be by a sodium interaction; the latter suggests that naphthol may be toxic to the intestine at concentrations approaching 100 to 1000 μM.     

Species, Cultivars, Rootstocks and Environment

World apricot production by no means meets the total need of the international market (fresh and processed fruits) and is far below the potential in view of the existing favourable geographic, climatic and agrotechnical conditions. The cause for this insufficient world production of apricots, particularly in certain countries which have favourable conditions for apricot culture and its expansion, should be investigated using scientific and technical concepts concerning the apricot decline syndrome (apoplexy, sudden wilting, withering of apricots). After the mutual assistance of research workers from different disciplines in investigating this complex disease, the economic security of apricot growing can be improved and apricot decline reduced to an acceptable level. Special attention must be paid to selecting appropriate cultivars, rootstocks or interstocks, locations and cultivation techniques.     

Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Three insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos-methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post-treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg(-1)) followed by pirimiphos-methyl (1.82 mg kg(-1)) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg(-1)). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg(-1) in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post-treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post-treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos-methyl applied at 25 mg kg(-1) was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post-treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post-treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos-methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg(-1)) was very slow during the first month post-treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos-methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg(-1)) was relatively high during the first month post-treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months.     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险，通过进行规范田间残留试验，检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量，结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据，评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险，并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理，液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg，芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg，山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg，芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg，木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下，啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%，相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据，计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw)，风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%；采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算，啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw)，风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险，然而，采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异，其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据，而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量，因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作，提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据，以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。